























HS 


P3e2to 
Y10.65 
Bop ) 


TMENT OF FORESTS A 
PENNSYLVANIA De ruARe SECRETARY ND WATERS TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 


U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY AREA, PLATE I 














(Du 





Bois} 








4 7 a wa 7 
MT) ss SS cies i WW 
Auitetes, A 


Tr 





we ¥ ge 


fo, 


(3 


WAG rian 








Pel nceey} ip O 


Hix ar’ Ay 


| 














LINE 





BOUNDARY 





is 
s 




















h 


cate: 








sores 


rl) opera 


Amma 


Winslow 














JEFFERSON 
TRDIANA COX: 
} 


fee 
“3 Rossiter 





{Vobn¥onburg 





(Curwensville/ 





f Run. 


























CZ 


a ld ,/ a . 

Smith port — 

 FHoytons FO 
i 


j++ 
4 
Bro! 


Ve 


34 


: 











Roberts 








Pte Ss 





\ Ss 
Fe “ vet OY, : 3 
lig - 


Nashville 
Ord RO] 








ARFIE LD 








CLE 


ae OY =prrerh tna 


| Howde srtowh S 


L 


ekers aac 


Porat. 7 





settys buy; 5 ns } 
is Hillsdz slo ae ehhsl) pL 1644 
mil bs 











(Barnesboro) 

















Sih aap tnarangle, Pennsylvania ™? MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA ea 


Surveyed in peration with the 
State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904 Showing Topography 


1 
Seale 62560 


2 3 * Miles 


a “s 5 Kilometers 







% ada? : gue. 





PEE RAE 2 









F. 


a= 


ewe fee cpt diy 204 ye 
Rs ‘a 25 i 4 : 


ae 









ann 


ot ee 


i“ 
teum! 














U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 




















JEFFERSON C¢ 
FX DIANA CO. 


Lacust: Larip¢ 
cH 


tho 


~ — < PotyRou ndtop 














Base from U. S. Geological Survey topographic map 
of Punxsutawney quadrangle, Pennsylvania 

Surveyed in cooperation with the 

State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904. 


PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS 
R. Y. STUART, SECREDARY 


TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY 

GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST 
—a 

Bois) 


TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 
ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA f 
SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY AREA PLATE II 














(Dru 








EXPLANATION 


SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 





> wy J 
Alluyvium 
(in flood plains of present streams) 


a | 


Conemaugh 
group 
(shale, thin limestone, sume red shale, 
thin coal beds locally workable, and coarse 
thick-bedded sandstones ; containing Salts- 
burg, Csb, and Upper Mahoning, Cum, 
members) 











Allegheny 
group 
(chiefly light and aark gray clay shale 
with variable beds of coarse gray sand- 
stone and several valuable coal beds. 
Upper Freeport coal on top, Brookville 
coal at base; containing faire Cel, 
aul other sandstone members) 











Pottsville 
series 
(thick-bedded sandstone with shale in the 
middle carrying thin coal, locally 
workable) 




















[Yaa 
orth, Sumy 











{ Johnson! ppb ed 





(Curwensville; 


7 





? ey =" : S fmoenid gy 
AO 


f 
































# 


~ | 








Ei 
Se; 














AMOENACO BALTIMORE 


MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA 


Showing Areal Geology * 


Geology by Geo. H. Ashley, F. B. Peck, 
anaes _ Lines, 1905-1907 forthe U.S. 
Geological. Survey, in Cooperation with 
ae TopogrePr': and Geological Survey 











+ ik . 
Commission of Pennsylvania, 
ia F 
Scale 62500 
h 1 2 4 Miles 
ee —— $< 
3 E 5 Kilometers 
= == = — SS —— —————— 
Contour interval 20 feet. 
Datum is mean s@@ level. 


1926 





Frat 20 AGUA 
HL 
Auvyel TAL 





UNIVERSITY oF 
TLUNOIS LiBRARy 


PENNSYLV STS AND WATERS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY oe » SECRETAR ATLAS OF : 
EORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTO TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY PENNSYLVANIA 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Dl R foam SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNyY AREA PLATE II 





GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST 

















(Du 


EXPLANATION 


| Alluvium 
(in flood plains of streams.) 


Area underlain by Upper Freeport or 
£ coal and clay and by the rocks 
above E coal. Contains the Saltsburg, 
Csb, and Upper Mahoning, Cum, 
sandstones, 


CONEMAUGH 


Upper Freeport or E coal 


Outcrops of rocks between the Upper 
Freeport or E coal and clay at the top 
and the Lower Freeport or D coal, 





Lower Freeport or D coal 








Outcrop of rocks between the Lower 
Freeport or D coal and clay at the to, 
and the Lower Kitianning or B coat. 
The Freeport coals have been eroded 
JSrom this area, 


ALLEGHENY 


| Lower Kittanning or B coal 


Outerop of rocks between the Lower 
Kittanning or B coal and clay at the 
top and the Brookville or A coal. Con- 
tains the Clarion sandstone, Ccl, The 
Freeport and Kittanning coals have 
been eroded from this area. 


Brookville or A coal 


Outerop of rocks below the Brookville 
or A coul. 





POTTSVILLE 


COAL CLAY AND 
LIMESTONE 


—Harlem coal 


—Ames limestone 


20383 


{Ossi ; 


—Bakerstown coal 
—Brush Creek on 
—Mahoning cont 
—Upper Freeport or E 


—Lower Freeport or D 





—Upper Kittanning or O 
—Lower Kittanning or B 
—Vanport limestone 


— Brookville coal 





SYMBOLS 














Ss Sandstone quarry 
*® Commercial coal mine 
x Small coal mine or prospect 
4 Coal outcrop or bloom 
ci® Commercial clay mine 
cix Clay prospect 
clA Clay outcrop 
fla Flint clay outcrop 
isa Limestone outerop 
%£ Gas well 
% Show of gas 
Dry hole 


SANDSTONE 





Outcrop of massive sandstone suitable 
Sor foundations, bridge abutments, and 
general building. 

Cum—Upper Mahoning sandstone 

Csb —Saltsburg sandstone 

Ccl —Olarion sandstone 


Ve Structure contours 
a on Upper Freeport 
or E coal. 


Contour interval 50 feet 








Ce NS: AS 5 2: al rT ey IE ~ = 4 >, 
= « ee Oe — 7B, 


my “ty ] V =a 
B . . ait: Cc farnesboro D E 





















Anornscounsment Geology by Geo. H. Ashley, F. B. Peck, 


of Punseutawney quadingie Foray! MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA Ce ie eerie US. 


of Punxsutawney quadrangle, Pennsylvania 
the Topographic and Geological Survey 


Surveyed in cooperation with the . . . 
State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904. Showing Mineral Resources and Structure Commission of Pennsylvania. 





1 
Scale 62500 











; ° = = —_—— 3 Mil 
- SS SS Se ———— = = —F @ Miles 
= = = 
3 3 1 2 3 r 
SS = = ee —— _5 Kilometers 
Contour interval 20 feet. 


Datum is mean sea love] 


1926 a 


n i 


aie . ie 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
FOURTH SERIES 


THE LBRARY OF rye 
OCT 2 5 1098. 


TOPOGRAPHIC AND Guivensiry OF 1: 'NOIS 





ATLAS 
of 
PENNSYLVANIA 


NO. 65 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE. 





a, 


~ GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 


By 
GEorGE H. ASHLEY 


. Prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey 





4 : Department of Forests and Waters — 
| R. Y. Stuart, Secretary 


Topographic and Geologic Survey 
G. H. Ashley State Geologist 


an Ay pts ‘ 1 
—_ sk, 


{ 


COPYRIGHTED, 1926 
, By R. Y. STUART . 
Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters 


for the 


= s 


Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 





og ers 


4 FA EF 


MO.65 S926 AO, 


a py ‘a ’ 


CO OA 


- wy ea. 
4 bor Of ra) a 
“¥ . 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


R. Y. Stuart, Secretary, 
Department of Forests and Waters. 


Sir: 


I have the honor to submit for printing my report on the Geology 
and Mineral Resources of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle. The field 
work for this report was done principally in 1905 under a cooperative 
agreement by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Pennsylvania 
Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission. The field work was 
done by the writer, assisted by Frederick B. Peck, professor of 
geology at Lafayette College, and Edwin F. Lines of the U. 8. Geologi- 
cal Survey. It was not completed in 1905 owing to the early recall of 
Professor Peck and the demands of other work upon the writer, who 
at that time had general supervision of all the Federal geologic work 
going on in the eastern coal fields of the United States. The writer 
made a number of subsequent trips to the field, closing up gaps in 
the original field work. Increase of administrative duties and later 
his removal to Tennessee as State Geologist delayed the completion 
of the report. The text, however, was completed in 1917 but has 
awaited funds for publication since that time. In its present form 
advantage has been taken of some additional information obtained 
through coal mine inspectors of the Department of Mines of Penn- 
sylvania. 

The Punxsutawney region has long been one of the active coal 
mining centers of the coal fields of Pennsylvania. Because of its loca- 
tion it has been a large source of supply to New York and New Eng- 
land States. At the time it was examined some of the largest mines 
of the State were in this area. Since 'the original field work was 
completed there has been a large development in this field, but many 
areas containing coal of good thickness still He undeveloped. 


Respectfully submitted, 


State Geologist. 
May 10, 1925. 


(3) 


PREFACE. 


The Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania presents 
the results of the Survey’s “thorough and extended survey of the 
State for the purpose of elucidating the geology and topography of 
the State.” (Act of June 7, 1919, establishing Survey. ) 

The Act further provides: “The Survey shall disclose such chem- 
ical analysis and location of ores, coals, oils, clays, soils, fertilizing 
and other useful minerals, and of waters, as shall be necessary 
to afford the agricultural, mining, metallurgical, and other interests 
of the State, a clear insight into the character of its resources. The 
Survey shall also disclose the location: and character of such rock 
formation as may be useful in the construction of highways or for 


any other purpose.” d 
The results of the surveys may, in accordance with the pro- 
visions of the Act, be presented in the form of several series of 
publications as follows: 
1. Topographic Atlas Sheets 16 x 20 inches: The surveys for 
these sheets are made by the State in cooperation with the 
U. S. Geological Survey, each paying half the costs. The 
engraving, printing and distributing of these sheets is done 
by the U. S. Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. 


bo 


The Topographic and Geologic Atlas: Maps and texts show- 
ing and describing the topography, geology and mineral re- 
sources of the State by quadrangles. This series continues 
and supplements all “folios” and “economic bulletins” of 
Pennsylvania already published by the U. S. Geological Survey 
in cooperation with the State. Each quadrangle is an area 
about 1744 miles long from north to south and about 131% miles 
wide from east to west and is represented by a single map or 
Sheet. The quadrangles are numbered from west to east and 
from north to south. Sheet No. 65 is in the seventh row 
from the western edge, and ‘the fifth sheet from, the 
northern boundary of the State. The reports constituting the 
atlas will bear the same numbers. The following figure shows 
the geographic position of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle, 
Sheet 65, and the areas described in geologic folios and bulletins 
of the United States. Geological Survey. (The numbers on 
folios and bulletins of the U. S. Geological Survey do not follow 
this system. ) 

County Reports: As the Atlas Sheets and reports are highly 
detailed and somewhat technical, a series of County Reports 
will present the general facts in more popular language, and 


Co 


(4) 


a ae 


Al 


on maps without topography. These reports will also review 
the broader aspects of the subject, and in particular will pre- 
sent the detailed Soil Maps and Soil Reports. 











































































4. Mineral Resources: These reports are confined to describing 
and showing the location of a single mineral resource over 
the State, with studies of the technology, including the min- 
ing, preparation and marketing of the minerals. 

». Underground Water Resources: In general, water resources 
will be discussed in the County Reports or in the Topo- 
graphic and Geologic Atlas, but general studies on under- 
ground water supplies will follow in a fifth series of reports. 

6. Soil Reports: In general, Soil Maps and Reports will ac- 
company the County Reports, but general maps or discussions 
on soil conditions will fall in this series. 

Saas eae ie = 

| 4 oe ie 64 474 yea 

' -——— 

ey aa 

ya 

t+ NEW CASTLE” CLEARFIE 

LAWRENCE 5 FG CLEARP 

Se Ueia Le Ci R 
ee ee ) 

a | BUTLER 

' | \ 

| BEAVEIR lie (26 

' 10, BEAVER Lah a ; 

F134 | FlI76 ‘ 

1 | B286 oe 

1 ) Pe wv \ 
L “225 ND 

H a aN 17 pats 

| 177 

'} B31I8 |\B456 

“ek 
|| WASHINGTON | C28. 
Ss WASHINGTON ES 
| F180 7 F144 cee 
“'| B3I8 | B300 


USGS. FOLIOS BY NUMBER (F) 



































USGS. BULLETINS BY NUMBER ‘B) 


FIGURE 1. 


The loeation of the Punxsu- 
tawney quadrangle is indicated by the darker ruling (No. 65). 


Index map of western Pennsylvania. 


~ 


CONTENTS | Page 


Introduction O32 oi ek oe 84 ca ake wee ee en ONO... ee vel 
Locationjand area i202... es. bone ee, 11 
Number) and kind: of»mineral resources ages eles ee... ee 12 
Previous geologic! work, ic 3. scias.c «3 + seen as... 13 
Recent, Work 405 jie co sos iemniate ce vats fe ess er. | aa 4 14 

Sunface’ relief and drainage... 200... - aes, ok. ee 16 
Contour [Wes Missle 5 alleles lenis el cts et eS, Se » 16 
Drainage wt eee ge wt ha g, Aa On ee 2, ae re aly 
Aeititude: of region". . Guid i wewls oy oh ss le, ee... ‘ Li 
General -character: of surface .. Av cs). Few. vss le els... cae AZ 

[eich Coa RO SNe eS | 18 
General statement... .iew «sistas vtec wie beens a A ie 18 
General character of ‘outcrops )Gsc il. 4meeeea sb oe: cRat ae 18 
Rocks: GUuteropping’ x. ses.) ars we ole oe Peed eis wid ley ob 0 a ek ae 19 

Conemaugh » £ToUp er i046 625 ee eo a ee FU oy te ae 
Morgantown. formation ss ices a ok re ee le bse. etek cue 20 
Saltsburg i fOTMIAtlON ce. vpsieok se syns 6H oe alee a oe «os a ele «ne 23 

Buffalo’ formation! \s0 8.0088 62s er as gia to ee ea oe 24 
Mahoning formation:  s.3.20' viieleccus! «oats sMalviecd tes. wile x © sl sete one nnn 20 

Allegheny 2roup yaGs Psy ose ele le tee net ele eh ehs 6 eae 26 
Distance :between,.coal beds ©. 5422.54). 5 wins ee oO een eles ae eee 2t 
Mreeport LOrmation sss 2.) sniate. ua) clays cation eae ae eee ee 28 
Kittanning: formation ys... 5 2% 2 cadets ee ele a eee ote ee 28 
Clarion “formation. 2a ewies wa ate SR (GLEE nc CRE ORES co One, ar os ere 29 

Pottsville «(KRanawhs) -serids . .7. . wiecactemei ete deere hii. cso 0 ne 30 

Mauch Chunk: series (ve +. Sat Ats.c vc ase aera a ot Stee eas Sos ae ne 31 

PO@ONO | SOTIES. gene F's Sess HEEL ae aig» enc Rae ase ede one om Say ip ea 31 

Devonian. system 2": v5. ike mite © od ek le oe teehee eh etn bode bo ee 32 

DPUPHCCULE aii cs os oleh okie os va ect cae Je Quadasathete atateia? 23) aoe os ae 34 
Meaning of> term) aso sidipt egies o wlote abe tans ty gen ots ice ae 34 
‘Representation ‘of etrietiare (S05 ahi ode es eee em rma oni et oo ale 34 
Deseription of» structure py) oo sce ae Wee eae tees a tree ee ree, Wie noc ae 35 

Chestnut-Ridgve anticline (i fo cee ee eters ee rs ae ees teeta ce vee 

Minter. Hill santicling i. ore eee a tea hee ors) at sean ee ee 35 | 
Punxsutawney SVielinen ss\s ec ae nea eh see eta ae keen rede ee 36 
Brush . Valley Symelimes s ioc ccs he a beta aeks Fis (evahe ahs ene ah cn 36 

Gerieral etonomic geology’. «4 s s.c.. s esr ck vibielele.e obey dic use ea are ee 36 

AMOUR ele so a ov be avers el beta Meetererete ara Lace’y nhey elloteoe rn, Pitas alates ee ano mates Wek 

Swumber and names” of beds2.0)-4..% ecale cnt wie Pee ene eee eee 37 
Mopers reeport oF H) ‘coal. i... s28.as alte alam, ieee tae a ee rere eae ee oe 40 
oweretireeport: or D. coal (54) <a), es ace Wet oe eee eet ee 44 
Uppersbittanning or. C! coal... 235i vaca ere il eee eee cee re ct 45 
Middiesisittanning or. C. coal °... Aas ae ae ee ere som 45 
Lower attamning or. B*coal. .. .23.<P eee es ee ea elec) ren ee ; 45 
Brookvillempranmcdal ). 0805 ys. Gadd ee hee o, s)he cas ale) ieee : 47 
Mercer GOaT create es eis nies 3 oc ia Liens 2 eae ERS Were T5l'e o), occa Cale reg a 47 
Chemicals chara cterkor Goals: \.... ..c'aic0 sci tnemeneenie Sistas Too ahe, yes sivtat ohn ee 48 

Olay and shale i weteette ties des <> 0s «se 5 Oat een RS RE ot aati er eee sag 49 
Kinds of; clay Ss (etieetttieta ete dea) » «tn oie A aM ates netessety te cat ye a) eeenane! othe 1a 49 

Underclay* ere, A's: <<... UL ei hanno. ett ot. ae 49 . 

Flint: clay), sc cpl eae. ss AE Sete Sere ee a are, sc 50 

Alluvial. clay * Teele Sb) cs 2 ee eke, oe 51 
(6) 


Bointribution. Gum wene : 6 cee. ete Mecleccs cele cece’ + oe 0 4 es. 51 
Hale |... Gam OOP se etuele sas a ot ss evs ialek Sc) ee eanieiere clle 56 
UTELCSTOTLC : « Seummreeuatet yg lees = Gi cietie) Soak gts ciao. aire: «: » 'nyn' thay Ogee 56 
LAMESt One ME eee ata ieys oss 6 ccgncteceetedee Pio’s.clle.o «cts nie Gtaltn EE cre 56 
AT Al yses | HMMM MEAT Cree. e ec 5.05.8 oi Miya retest eves 0.0 0's! o, al Rg eee ne 60 
SAMUStONG. (Same Me ReeCM REE, '« Siakeicicees quatein ss of ool b casera PE a ee 61 
Oilband gas Pees eh cis oo cuatate Ware Asa tce o/0 1 teehee et en eee E 64 
Deore’) Wee. 2 Sethe tes aie he Pao, oad CA, ea taal She seat oie Aiea ase ee 67 
metailed georogy bY dIStPIClS... wax «.c, cow kee» cuets Shanice ieee Nee pera ae 69 
Pounxsutawaey districts sae tepr is ac eee + cert ies ere eee 70 
Introductory statement 32), A eeu si is gee on ae i ee 70 
Stratigraphy if... es sees Ge tee grew deere cee eee oan a aa 70 
Conemaugh grouped, wes eae viele A oeea-e ooae ae calc arl S ee ena ee nei meen 70 
Ballegheny’. group Maceleea akon. se ebew web eo iene vane alee o atic ch eae een renee rar 
DEPUCTUILG i oo. eco Mee ea tla F-ae Roe UNG wa Ege Ran rc, 0 71 
STOR DOGS: .. sss saie et are tee a toeaae sae stants ihala State a eptoLalG ay sal amare aM 72 
FRRCOAL «ecg Sa Baar eis cad taateralens otal el Ramee tae oe oe neem ale eS 72 

LY CORD” Sea cciee dR Fis ogee ee coat oe tate Riad cals ae he ed ee 13 
Distribution! Gf: xresOUTCess ver weeds Soe Fie le ele We hae Meee ee ee 73 
BFOCUSE Gistriet grcats ay 6 ak eae onthe os ores OR aea he oes aed eo T7 
Int¥oductoryietarementuest ss se ees Pears SOY Ogata ae Seo eae ee is 
Stratizraphy-of euteroppine TOCKS we ee cies: Bars Sea e sca Mee eee Thee 
Stratigraphy: of roekmi nor exposed. ocd oni: aa s.s os 6 sie ew oe aoe ie tees 18 

PO LEUCEUY CEN ce eek PeRTERS a ghey c's otis ales eleielt c'se ca ‘ug e 6 heme CRT eee enene 79 
DPSU CURIE Ole SOUT COS men cra a a oy eet are cade, wejls, bia» enkndua eovcvets Meanege ake ne 79 
LWW ET's LONG MRI M ETC Ute meen Mere rte) ct che, wie aia la/sfdle ao a. 6 a) 4G se won Hee Sune aly UNE $1 
TVD Ree UG LEAT CLO War ccs a choca sole er aca. see el wigs ole 0. os; sehen’ Shore heeena ei Re tanRrCnene 81 
PSU Tr ay eT ea 9 8 eet Gia Gitiin, iN oS 4" 3, 0 su io,.0 "0 die @ 0. 6) of el epsaee eae eens 82 
ye eeer LY CHRON eas, Sig, Scale niece gecesi ecb e wc oa cies oh vere Waihi» 5 ohne 83 
A) eee OII SCL eC OS OU COS PEs Ger a3 cs gree nie see arb 4 a0 oebtSla. ale w bck) gi shosa Bevan ere 83 
ecto MEISE DICE te Pe ee oe Stace hoes So Ddoese vl os ae 8 aid SES Cas a ee ee 85 
EMCEE VERS OT CINCTIU re coeds is Sits ad sud cl diol ate sac ietleie F oh delete a ots Ree 85 
PPP tN Dy PET Picea Acie sores kd SO ai eid GREY diets e'a a0 0 0-4.8.4 8 4 ohio gate ale 86 
DoT reeel Ie STUNT eta hs ene ia aye cc Ae clad d 8 <8 t's sIkIe aver(oahee ov Bio 86 

ee eee var Cg eet ae twos da ihe f.5 2S afdis Wo ded bie ae 6 eto de OU at ws ale we 86 
ee Es Pe eee US i roy cate a-s-u e's a) ele aliave ave & fide Bie Wales 87 
See ce ett eT Se PEN A BPN he a wicl Ais ces FOG Od ae LEW ERA ee awed 87 
eeu RE fe ee ee ee a gist ny d Dae Tate, pe adh ayelisle lee aw teide eel be 87 

ne Fer ne NE Mer ARM, te Yh dei cae oanl Dbarg: Riareie Gia otelels @ widle eee ewe b 6 6 wa yee 
er Sey er eee |, Sd Beg GUN ciate Pid hg ics vG Ds ecshctetw eeu 88 
TCE OL ET OROULE COR gin) se ss hie ode oi aH a Whe el Vodielalwls ale Piven Gale's le oa eee 88 
mT Ce 0 ic gia gs vig ag dye ele idle tah arse tae 12 Alege Gian vysiel) else @ ie a aes 89 
EEC ALOTUON GI 0. oc ois) a) aos sn le Wiebe aia eieiene weet athi'slewil eos 4s 89 
a ee ae so oo bie idan wal ete obs Meidiejest lewis ale sss ose 90 
EMRE ie acs apc a Ghul o tai mia tatare ale sue ead siete MIG) » os, oh og 90 
Gel ee OME ANAWHA):“SCLICS «Nica were cee in eb ho ee Sines ele wed hen os 9A, 
eer I ee oso a BPR Gch als) sass ube val-ale' seg sual@ ale ween 5 wees 92 
EE eS fk 5 5 oo dun we Soo Wahine ed, 0000, Oona 92 
eT ES do. so MMM sae oso oa bo dinigh elisa bieveikr ets Aaa 92 
a eS ec ARMM MRE ious 0 s+ eae oe ele one el cba eign a 93 

NE eT see. oc so Ge I ovis os ew egies eelad a Reed 93 


Beoal’a. 


06) 0 Crees Le Je 


A and A’ coals ... 


Distribution of resources 
Newtonburg district ..... 
Introductory statement 
Stratigraphy 
SCRGCUUTE | eetdca sce eee 
OGalp beds. ic. cence: apr: 

BOC COAL et heen ace 

D coal ... 

C coal 

Bo COdL oe oaicel eee 

A coal 
Distribution of resources 
Glen Campbell district 
Introductory statement 


Stratigraphy 


Allegheny group .... 


Structure 
Coal beds 
TGCORL UE. ateiee tet 

D coal 

C’ coal 

TS COO See ae 

A coal 
Distribution of resources 
tipsy district 


Sica 18, MtelAe! tev le ale, one 1s 


Se, .8) By 6 one V0! 16 Ke. a0; outer? 
26) 6 1670 o;.8 48 ese 


ore ee owt re 


Introductory statement 
Strati grap ve 2k aw tens 
SETUCCOLE I, i.e ce mae iets 
Distribution of resources 
Burnside vaistrich., + + > ho 

Introductory statement 
Stratigraphy ... 
Allegheny group ... 
Conemaugh group . 
Structure . 


(ee PENOUS hc. ca se eset eee 


Coal reserves ... 
Method of computing 


ee 06 € eo © ee 


Table of coal reserves ... 


History -oormipine i... ss «5 


List of -eoalemines >... .. 


Water resources 
Precipitation 
Run-off 


oer ee ee err eae 


Ground “water: ac sae 


Domestie supplies ..... 
Town supplies. .-o sponte 


Deep and artesian wells 


oe ee eeere 


BO e 4) 18.09, 161g 0) 0 919 


e @ © 6 © @ one) 6) @.8 8.) 4) 9 0 6 


Ve, jo 1b bie eee ebb y fo, GP ete ewe beee de 
ole eel e 6 © ord es se vite ie eee eee eee 
0, ce "08 fel 6. ¥ Hole elle! m 18) ve: she eee ee we 
SMe) 616 0 OMS eile, ous (6) el eee . . see ee * 
aie, sie Je 8 Seve meee oe eo 6's « @,.0 eb k same ve 
i eS le, . © 3 feo esate. lene e Glee 2 16 © (s8.6 
an ts (om m) #18) Oia) Le te lense.) 6 ety ‘el oe) 6, erie. « Cary 
. eee ee ewe ee «@ we 8 . cee ee 
seis e. 8 Cte ae, 6. © eee oe . eee 
oecee ee ee we we . . oe 
ee eee ee . oe ee we owe see ee 
© (e “0 @ @ . 2 0 eo C6 © 48) @ of 80 4 e 68) O18 
Oe ce ee & 6 ee . eee ee © ww . 
© 6 8 ele, 9 tel te 15, ©: GRU © Welles 0 0.6 0 . 
eee eee . oe 6 =), ON aie, we Oe 
Bie a Oleh e, Suen sae re 608 € © wh ee 8 © 8 © . eee 
oe eee Sy .e: 410" @ e610 Ci a ot eet ant ar let Sart} . 


. abel 6) 0 [eee oF €, « felks is eee ee ee 
Ope) ee ye. wh 0. ie. @)) (ey On ot Ke'eGulre) 16 . . . 
© 4 wwe) eye. 6,0 . . . . . oe 
dip 6 ye) +) Ole Oi 6. . . . oe o- . . 
. . oy <¢, OS, wo Gi-2. 9) Oe oe. 6 6.\6, (6 9) oee 
oe ee ewe o's E10) se) 6 ew nelle . - eee 
a Pee, oe ©) ere 70n26.,'0..'6 0) 2 410 Le! 6) a @: ¥®. "8: 16! “ers. Fe) 
U0) Oe is (6170). ee ©5018), le. 8: (g) -0\ 8, ee, . o- 
oe . . o- es © ‘ete eee 
ee ee ore ee eee eeve . Can tet 3 ee 
Oud, OVE SNe, ores ee . oe oe . C816 
oe ee ee ee @) \e! 0) 0 \e) eile ‘a nelepyer ps) ee oe . 
2 Ue, ome) a oe . oe ee oe ee . eee 
Oh Ty ee mcetr cia) Aqetm trai} oe eee we ee ee 
6. 6 0S ule 6 . eee . e165 (0,10) (elbe 
©) sii ‘6 0 (6 "b » ops re! ode: Je) 0! Q8, (@ fe) Je: (6) ep ui uet 0: 6. . 
eee ee Reese wevecs Be «8 «© oe 
eevee eee ere ee . eee oe ee 
. ee eeee eee ee eee oe 
@) 16.8, © [eens bd) ler ob) fe 0, '@ oes eee . . eee 
. ie 8 Cevac) . oe eee ee . 
. oe ee . PM TET PT 8 hen oe ee eee eees 
a. 18 ® . ee oeeveeve o- . oe ee 
. ee ee oe oe see ee 
oe ee eee oeee eee ewe eee ee 


. 6! 6)» © ¢ a 6 3 6 . o- oe ee eee 
oe . . oe 08) ome oa! 8) 6 Oy wie. 60) © 16% 
ee eee o. eee © 10. © Je) ler ee.) 4) fe 0, . 

WCOWiChhGy Ouro . te Cen ee ee . . 


Water power and water storage ............. a Sate! aot ad i 


Powenes. oo 


eee eee 


SlOracee. ste. 


é)/6\ ip 66) 6 @ ©. 6 @ © 0 ©. © © ee emwn were 6.16188 k@L® 


© ee © € One1e © © 0 6 8 8 ee oO oe 6 6 et Oe ee 6 6 0 6 » € © 6 


ore . *) — 9) 0% 0, ‘vie. ¢ 
. . re 
3S Oe tga) oe ee eee 
cee “oe ee ee 
. . . eee oe 
oeceee eee eee 
see eos eee ee 
Se (wee, @ ee o ¢.0 (68 le 
Chai’ OC ay ae eoeeeee 
. ee oe a arr 
. . . ooveeve 
one . eee o- 
ee . eee ee 
. . . ee 
ee ce ee ee . . 
#. 6 Oey -o! 'e 6 oeee . 
Sree Sluis ie) 6. \0\.:6, eee . 
eee eee ee eo es . 
ee . . ssoeee 
. . oe . owes 
eee ht eee . eeee 
eR ens) G18! ‘ol wine! ve cee e 
5s . eee eee 
é . . 4. @ 6 se era 
ee ee ee ee ee ww ew 
. ee ee ee 
. eo. . oe ee eee 
. ee 0 0 € 0 6 6 ae ® 
ve ©. 6 10 @ (er elena @ 
e . . eee . eee 
. eis . . . 
. sees Oe a (0: 01 6 
oe eeeeee . 
. eee eee oe 
cee eeeee ee 
oe ee ee see 
“eee ee . eonree 
eee eee . eo eee 
. . eee eee ee 
eee ew eee eee . 
coe e weer . . . 
cee eer ee eee ee 
oe ee eee oe ee eee 
. see eee ewe ef 6's 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page 
PLATE I Topographic map of Punxsutawney quadrangle......... In pocket 
It Areal geologic map of Punxsutawney quadrangle........ In pocket 
III Mineral resources map of Punxsutawney quadrangle ....In pocket 
IV Columnar sections in the Punxsutawney quadrangle ....... 20 
V Map showing distribution and thickness of Upper Freeport 
or EK ecoal, and outcrop of Lower Kittanning or 
B  COBUES Bae ks. eet ge ee ore oll Roce are ee en 40 
VI Map showing distribution and thickness of Lower Freeport 
Or” Deo ale ae iso hah sale uct re cee alae ee 44 
w1GURH 1. Index map ofewWestern Pennsylvania... <2 8 eee dD 
2. Sections of lower part of Conemaugh group to show horizontal 
variation of rocks* from place to: places av-ue se ee ee pal 
_3. Overthrust fault of sandstone on shale near McGees ........ 28 
4, Sections of seven deep wells in central Pennsylvania, showing 
character of | rocks’ below, surface” .. 84... ee eee 33 
Oa upkelecome section. Of Coal sDedS.,. .7:6 0's <5 2s oa oe ak eee uae rene 38 
6. Selected sections of coal beds by districts ............-+.c6- 39 
7; Selected sections of Upper Freeport or HB coal .............. 41 
8. Selected section of Upper Freeport or E coal .............. ve 42 
9. Selected sections of Lower Freeport or D coal .......... ..... 43 
10. Selected sections of Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. ............-- 45 
11. Selected sections of Middle Kittanning or © ¢oal. +... ..... ra ae 
12. Selected sections of Lower Kittanning or B coal ............ 46 
13. Selected sections of Clarion or Brookville (A’ and A) coal .. 47 
eS CCLION Sr Ole NV LETCOL™ CODLS Ma ost ciske ocho ae S80 svg ales a als, Sus de 47 
15. Sketch map showing distribution of Upper Freeport and Lower 
PAR A ATR OREN OR eas ceed OLA «Eh ee a A A 50 
16. Sections of Upper Freeport clay, 1-22, and Lower Freeport clay 
ipa Cin EoD x oN Ae eh Oe ao ey Ae NRA ea | re RR tar Prat a am ar 52 
17. Sections of Upper and Middle Kittanning clays .............. 53 
18. Sections of Lower Kittanning clay (41-54) and of Clarion or 
ibrourviller Clay loo te G1) ) catia. aes gees vec dw sien ee 54 
19. Sketch map showing location of outcrops of flint clay ...... 55 
20. Sketch map showing approximate location of limestone sections, 
and of other points where limestone was noted........... 57 
21. Sections of limestone beds of Conemaugh group .............. 5S 
Pome sections. of Upper Freeport “limestone 2... ac. cee oe eens 59 
ee seceone- of Vanport. limestone «.. os. e-n ee wesns few ences tec ees 60 
24. Sketch map showing areas of outcrop of massive sandstone .... vs 
25. Sketch map showing districts used in description ............ 69 
26. Sketch showing railroad transportation from the Punxsutawney 
BOOTIES: cuo.icis 5) REN te nl cin 2S simian RA Sie eiate ace + 0 scare 128 


(9) 





Geology and Mineral Resources 


of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle, Pennsylvania. 


By GEORGE H. ASHLEY 


Assisted in the field by Frederick B. Peck and Edwin F. Lines. 


INTRODUCTION. 


One of the most active coal mining centers in Pennsylvania has been 
for many years between Punxsutawney and Reynoldsville, a little 
west of the central part of the State. In 1905 more than 5,000,000 tons 
of coal were mined in this field. A few miles southeast of this area is 
the Glen Campbell field, a much smaller coal development, which, 
in 1905, produced nearly 1,000,000 tons of coal, and between the two 
are the Rossiter and Clover Run fields, the former of which produced 
around 750,000 tons for many years. Surrounding these developed 
areas are large areas of undeveloped coal. The present report de- 
scribes the local or detailed stratigraphy, structure, and mineral 
resources of a quadrangular region including part of the Punxsu- 
tawney-Reynoldsville field, the Glen Campbell and other developed 
fields, and a large area of undeveloped territory lying adjacent to 
these fields. The report forms Part 65 (Punxsutawney quadrangle) 
of the Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania. 


Location and area. 


In accordance with a settled policy of the Pennsylvania Geological 
Survey and the United States Geological Survey, the region covered 
by this detailed report consists of a quadrangular area bounded by 
parallels and meridians. This quadrangle is known as the Punxsu- 
tawney quadrangle, from the town of that name in its northwestern 
part. The quadrangle lies a little west of the center of the State, 
in western! Clearfield County, southeastern Jefferson County, and 
northeastern Indiana County. It lies between parallels 40° 45’ and 
41° 00%, amd meridians 78° 45’ and 79° 00’. (See fig. 1). It hasa 
length from north to south of about 1744 miles, and a width from east 
to west of labout 1314 miles, with an area of 225.90 square miles. It 
includes) the towns of Punxsutawney, Big Run, Glen Campbell, Ross- 


\ (11) 


f 


12 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


iter, Clayville, Lindséy, Adrian, Walston, Anita, Crawfordtown, Rich- 
mond (Rochester Mills post office), Burnside, McGees Mills, Arcadia, 
Gipsy, Smithport (Horton post office), Gettysburg (Hillsdale post 
office), Deckers Point, Wilgus, Urey, and Harmony, besides some 
thirty smaller hamlets and post offices. Many of these are mining 
towns and therefore of a more or less transient character. Punxsu- 
tawney, the principal town, had a population in 1920 of 10,511. Its 
business importance is increased by its serving as headquarters for 
most of the mining operations of the nearby towns. 


Number and kind of mineral resources. 


At the present time coal is preeminently the principal mineral 
resource of the area. This large development is due to the high 
grade of the coal which has good minable thickness. The coal mined 
north of Punxsutawney and extensively coked is one of the purest 
coking coals in the State. Mining in the Punxsutawney field has 
been on a large scale, some of the mines there having produced more 
than 1,000,000 tons a year. Coking operations have likewise ranked 
among the largest in the State. At Walston there are, or were, 657 
ovens in a single bank nearly 114 miles long, and at Adrian are 516 
Ovens in two banks. 


The coals are of high grade, averaging about 65 per cent fixed car- 
bon; 25 per cent volatile matter; 3 per cent moisture before air dry- - 
ing; 4 to 9 per cent ash; 0.6 to 2.5 per cent sulphur, but averaging 
nearer the lower figure. Chemicaliy, where the sulphur content is 
low, the coals agree closely with the best grade of coking coal. 


The position of this field, well to the northeast of the Pittsburgh, 
Ohio and West Virginia fields, is very advantageous for serving New 
York City and State and the New [England States, and it is to this 
market that this coal mainly goes. , 







In addition to the coal, deposits of clay, shale, sandstone, and lime- 
stone, and some natural gas occur in this quadrangle. Clay and 
shale have been developed, on a small scale only, at P\nxsutawney 
and elsewhere. Sandstone for building and concrete has been quarried 
at McGees, and a little at other points, and a small quan ity of lime- 
stone has been dug near Richmond and elsewhere. Although no de- 
posits of these materials of great promise were found, ¢nough was 
seen to suggest a possibility of a greatly increased produttion in all 
the lines. Flint fire clay of poor quality was found at a( number of 
places; its presence and abundance suggest the possibility jof valuable 
commercial deposits. Gas has been found in small quantity south 
of Punxsutawney. 


INTRODUCTION 13 


The area is well supplied with railroads. The main line of the 
Buifalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad crosses the northwest part 
of the quadrangle, and its Indiana branch, leaving the main line at 
Williams, follows the west side of the quadrangle to Richmond. The 
Pennsylvania & Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
enters the quadrangle near McGees Mills and crosses to the north- 
west corner, where it taps the Punxsutawney-Reynoldsville coal 
field. It also sends a branch southwestward from McGees Mills up 
Susquehanna River and Cush Creek, well into the Glen Campbell 
field. The Pennsylvania Division of the New York Central Lines 
crosses the southeast corner of the quadrangle, following Susque- 
lianna River, with a branch up Cush Creek, and a detached branch 
running from Rossiter Junction to Rossiter. Lumber roads extend 
from Gipsy in the Glen Campbell field, over into the valley of Mahon- 
ing Creek. 

The Buffalo & Susquehanna Railroad has completed a branch, start- 
ing from Juneau and running westward to the Plum Creek mines. 


Previous geologic work. 


Probably one of the first notices of the geology of this immediate 
region appeared in Featherstonehaugh’s monthly American Journal 
of Geology and Natural History for April, 18382, in an article on a 
“Section of the Allegheny Mountains and the Moshannon Valley in 
Centre County, Pennsylvania,” by R. C. Taylor. During the first offi- 
cial geological survey of Pennsylvania, under H. D. Rogers, this region 
was reached by M. H. Boye, who examined the third and fourth bi- 
tuminous basins south of Mahoning Creek in 1841, and during the 
same year J. P. Lesley made a topographic and geologic reconnais- 
sance from the northeast down as far as Punxsutawney. In Rogers’ 
final report, published in 1858, references to this area appear in book 
TX, division II, subdivision 1, chapters III and IV, and subdivision 
3, chapters IX, X, XX, and XXI. 

On the organization of the Second Geological Survey of Penn- 
sylvania, in 1874, one of the limited number of districts to be survey- 
ed that first year was the bituminous coal region of Clearfield and 
Jetferson counties. The work was in charge of Franklin Platt, assist- 
ed by R. H. Sanders, H. J. Fagen, and C. A. Young. July and August 
were spent in Clearfield and Centre counties, and September and 
October in Jefferson and Clarion counties. In accordance with the 
plan of work adopted by the Second Survey a stadia line was run by 
the aids, while Mr. Platt devoted himself to the geology, mines, etc. 
From the large area covered it is evident that the work could be 
little better than a reconnaissance, and while a great number of facts 
were recorded, naturally many mistakes of correlation were made. 


14 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


For this reason in 1880 W. G. Platt made a detailed survey of Jeffer- 
son County, and in 1883, H. M. Chance revised the geology of Clear- 
field County. These three reports were designated H, H*®, and H’, 
respectively. Indiana County was surveyed in 1878 by W. G. Platt, 
and the report is contained in volume H* of the Second Geological 
Survey. At the time of these surveys there were no railroads in the 
area of this quadrangle, and as a consequence no commercial mines, 
nor had any diamond or churn drill holes been made. Outside of the 
areas at present being developed the conditions as regards informa- 
tion about the geology were, in the time of the Second Survey, much 
as they are today. 

The reports of the Second Geological Survey were accompanied by 
maps, showing on a scale of 2 miles—1l inch the area of outcrop of 
the different formations. Comparing these with recent maps, it 
would appear that the Upper Freeport coal, the top of which marks 
the bottom of the Conemaugh group, has a considerably greater ex- 
tent than was then believed. Again, in the valleys of the West Branch 
of Susquehanna River what was then mapped as Pottsville sandstone 
proves to be the upper division of the Mahoning sandstone. A minute 
search failed to find the red Mauch Chunk shale reported as out- 
cropping on Little Creek above Richmond. The correlation of the 
coals, aS given in this report, differs in many points from that former- 
ly given. In calling attention to these revisions no criticism of earlier 
work is intended. On the contrary, in many ways our own conclu- 
sions during the first field season were closely in accord with the 
earlier results, and it was only after discrepancies had developed 
in plotting the results in the office, and the matter had been reviewed 
with great care in the field, that our final conclusions were reached. 


Recent work. 


The present report and map are the result of a cooperative agree- 
ment between the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and the 
Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission of Pennsylvania. The 
U. S. Geological Survey did the work and both organizations shared 
equally in the cost. The field work for this report was done by 
Frederick B. Peck and the writer, assisted’ by E. F. Lines, all of the 
U.S. Geological Survey, in August and September, 1905. As the office 
work appeared to indicate that field correlations of the coal beds and 
rocks were not entirely in accord, additional field work was done by 
the writer in September, 1906, and August, 1907. The trouble appears 
to have been due to the assumption, in common with all the earlier 
geologists, that two massive sandstones occurring apparently above 
and below the coal-bearing formation, were the Mahoning and Home- 
wood sandstones, respectively. Further work has convinced the writer 


i INTRODUCTION 15 


that the base of the upper sandstone is about 70 feet above the Upper 
Freeport coal, and that the coal at its base is the Mahoning coal, 
and not the Upper Freeport, and that the lower sandstone is of 
Clarion age. 


A glance at the map shows at once where data with reference to 
coal were abundant and where scarce, except for the drillings, which 
as a rule were confined to the immediate vicinity of the mining reg- 
iens. As a whole the geologic and surface conditions in this quad- 
rangle are fairly favorable for determining the geologic structure, 
but much less so for determining the stratigraphy and coal resources. 
Aside from the railroad cuts there are hardly any bold exposures of 
the rocks either in cliffs or steep hillsides. The uplands are gently 
rolling, and though often strewn with weathered fragments of sand- 
stone, seldom give exposures of the rock in place. Most hill slopes are 
rather heavily mantled with soil or weathered talus, and most stream 
valleys are deeply buried in debris that has worked down the hill 
slopes into them. In a few areas, sandstones which may not actually 
show in place may yet so weather out as to leave large fragments or 
blocks on the surface, and by following the upper limit of these frag- 
ments around the slope or along the crests of the hills, the approxi- 
mate position of the sandstone may be judged with considerable ac- 
curacy. It thus happens that no small part of the structure of the 
quadrangle has been worked out by following the outcrops of sand- 
stones which in most areas were seen in place but seldom, and in some 
areas not atall. In addition to structural work done by tracing sand- 
stone fragments, a large amount of data was obtained by observing 
the exposures of weathered rock in the roadside drains. These usual- 
ly are meager and consist of coal blooms, clay streaks, flint clay frag- 
ments, and rounded limestone bowlders. Over a large part of the 
quadrangle the two sources of information just given are practically 
the only ones available. 


Information on the coal was obtained from the coal outcrops or 
“blooms,” from coal prospects or country banks, and from mines and 
Grill holes. As shown by the map, these data are abundant in the 
limited areas north of Punxsutawney, south and east of Rossiter, 
between Urey and East Run, and in the Glen Campbell field. It will 
be noted, however, that nearly all of the mine and other openings 
are upon the upper, or Freeport, coals, and it is also true that most of 
the drilling has been done for the purpose of determining the work- 
ability of the coal beds already being mined or which it was proposed 
to mine, so that relatively few of the drill holes have gone below the 
Lower Freeport coal. This fact, together with the further fact that 
the lower coals are below drainage in much the larger part of the 
quadrangle, has rendered knowledge of their character and economic 


16 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


value very scanty. In parts of the quadrangle the individual coals 
are quite persistent, holding their thickness and details of section 
over many square miles. This is true of the Upper Freeport coal from 
East Run to Glen Campbell and in the Rossiter field, and of the Lower 
Freeport coal in the field north of Punxsutawney. In the last named 
area the Upper Freeport coal is extremely variable, ranging from 4 
feet to 0, with great irregularity, and the same is true of Lower 
Freeport coal in the two fields previously mentioned, where that bed 
anges from 16 feet down to 0. Apparently similar conditions of vari- 
ability and irregularity exist in the undeveloped parts of the area, 
rendering it very difficult to correlate the coal beds. Outside of the 
fields under actual development, the determination of the structure 
and correlation of the different members has depended almost entirely 
on the tracing of sandstone debris and the identification of the sec- 
tions exposed in the roads, and is therefore given with less confidence 
than might be desired. 


SURFACE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE. 


Contour lines. 


An examination of the topographic map (Plate I) shows a close 
series of brown lines covering all parts except small areas along the 
streams. As the meaning of these lines may be unfamiliar to those 
not accustomed to such maps, a word of explanation may not be out 
of place. 3 

It will be noted that the lines in general are somewhat parallel, 
and every fifth line is heavier than the others. The brown contour lines, 
as they are called are intended to show the position of lines of equal 
elevation above sea level; for example, if the ocean were to rise 1500 
feet higher than its prsent level it would fill up all of the lower valleys 
as far as the heavy brown line marked 1500. Were it to rise another 
hundred feet it would extend up to the line marked 1600, and go on. 
Where the lines are close together they show the slope to be steep, and 
where they are far apart they show the slope to be gentle. In general 
it may be assumed that the slope is uniform between any two of 
these lines. It will be noted there is one line for each 20 feet of 
elevation. very fifth line representing the 100-foot contours, is em- 
phasized by being made heavier. This method of representing the 
surface configuration of the ground is not as pictorial as some other 
methods, but it has the great advantage of representing the surface 
with more or less nearly mathematical accuracy. In other words, if 
a house, or a mine, or other object, lies between contour lines 1800 
and 1820 it is assumed that its elevation above sea-level is between 
1800 and 1820 feet, and in general it may be assumed that its eleva- 
tion is nearer one or the other of those figures in proportion ass it is 
nearer one or the other of the lines. In this way it is possible from 


SURFAGE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE Li 
a & y 

the map to estimate the elevation of any point within perhaps 5 or 

10 feet, and thus compare the elevation of any number of points. 


Drainage. 


The drainage of a region of this character has a special economic 
hearing in that the railroads follow the streams. The divide between 
the drainage flowing to the Atlantic Ocean and that going westward 
to Mississippi River crosses this quadrangle from the middle of the 
south edge to a point a little south of the northeast corner. It passes 
through Hillsdale, thence west of Wilgus and Gipsy to Smithport, 
northward to Johnsonburg, past North Summit Station on the Penn- 
sylvania and Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
west of Newtonburg, and northeastward to the eastern edge of the 
map. To the east of that line all the streams are tributary to the West 
Branch of Susquehanna River. This river gives the railroads a low 
erade to the east. The crooked course of the river increases greatly 
the length of haul. West of the divide described, all the drainage 
tiows to Allegheny River by way of Mahoning and Little Mahoning 
Creek. The divide between the two creeks is an irregular east and 
west line across the middle of the western half of the quadrangle. 
The two Mahoning creeks and the West Branch of Susquehanna 
River have bottom-lands suitable for town sites and mining plants. 


Altitude of region. 


This area is in the Allegheny Mountain region, though in itself 
it would hardly pass as mountainous. The land lies between 1200 
feet and 2250 feet above sea-level. The West Branch of the Susque- 
hanna has an elevation of 1300 feet at the eastern edge and about 1350 
at the south edge of the quadrangle. Mahoning Creek has an eleva- 
tion of 1300 feet where it enters on the north side of the quadrangle. 
Little Mahoning Creek has an elevation of 1250 feet at Savan, and 
1530 near Deckers Point. The main divide ranges in elevation from 
about 1740 at Hillsdale to 2250 north of Newtonburg. The other 
divides have intermediate elevations. South of Richmond, Kinter Hill 
rises to an elevation of 2068 feet. 


General character of surface. 


In general the surface of the quadrangle is hilly, the valley bottoms 
being 200 to 700 feet below the adjoining uplands. Where the rocks 
are shale or shaly the divides are lower, 200 to 400 feet above drain- 
age, and the valley sides are of moderate slope and commonly capable 
of being cultivated or used for pasturage. Where the resistant sand- 


2b 


18 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


stones outcrop, the valleys as a rule are Jig with steep’ sides 
400 to 700 feet high, covered with timber and sandstone blocks. The 
divides that are closely underlain by sandstone are commonly flat- 
topped and broad-shouldered. 


ROCKS. 


General statement. 


The hard rocks of this quadrangle consist of shale, sandstone, 
conglomerate or “pudding stones,” coal, clay, and limestone. Thin 
beds of iron ore are found locally. All the rocks in this quadrangle 
were laid down as sediments in water, except possibly the coal, which 
probably accumulated in swamp. They all occur in beds which or- 
iginally lay more or less nearly horizontal, but which have since then. 
been raised into broad folds, so that a rock at one point may be sever- 
al hundred feet higher than the same bed of rock a few miles distant. 
The rocks exposed at the surface have a thickness of 950 feet. In 
addition, some 2,000 feet of the underlying rocks have been pierced 
by the drill in search of oil and gas. All the rocks exposed belong in 
the Carboniferous or “age of coal,” and all belong in what is known 
as the Pennsylvanian system of rocks, or ‘Coal Measures,” as it was 
formerly called. In considering the succession of rocks it will be 
convenient to describe first the rocks that outcrop, and then those 
that are wholly below the surface and known here only from drill 
records. 


General character of outcrops. 


Taken as a whole, the rocks of the quadrangle are very poorly ex- 
posed, and they have all the variations characteristic of coal measure 
rocks in general. _Sandstones which at one point are resistant, mas- 
Sive, coarse-grained, and even conglomeritic, may be fine-grained and 
shaly a quarter or a half of a mile away, or may grade into shale a 
little farther on. One of the chief difficultiés in deciphering the 
geology of this area, as compared with many others, is the lack of 
any rock horizon having distinguishing characteristics which can be 
traced with certainty over a large part of the area. <A rock which 
can be so traced and used to measure other rocks is called a key rock. 
The Vanport limestone, which is of the highest value ag a key rock 
in many areas to the west and northwest, has been found in this 
quadrangle at one point only, just within the edge of the quadrangle 
west of Richmond. No one of the coal beds is sufficiently persistent 
to serve as a key over the whole quadrangle. The Upper Freeport 
coal, which is highly persistent in the Glen Campbell and Rossiter 
regions, is extremely variable north of Punxsutawney, and the Lower 


ROCKS | 19 


Freeport coal, which is there very persistent, is thin and irregular 
in most other parts of the quadrangle. The ridge running from 
Canoe Creek past Winslow and Newtonburg to the northeast con- 
tains the outcrop of a massive sandstone that, within that limited 
area, is one of the best horizon markers to be found anywhere with- 
in the quadrangle. For these reasons the succession and lay of the 
rocks in some parts of the quadrangle cannot be determined with 
the same degree of reliance as in other parts. This is particularly 
true of the southeast corner, south of Burnside and Arcadia, and to 
« less extent of the southwest corner around Deckers Point; also of 
the area immediately south of Punxsutawney and west of Canoe 
Creek. In the northeast corner, in the region drained by the East 
Branch of Mahoning Creek, sandstone debris is so abundant in the 
deeply cut valleys that there are few exposures of rock in place. 
Little reliance therefore can be put on the structure being correct 
within fifty feet. In general, however, it is believed that the succes- 
sion of the rocks has been determined correctly and that the elevation 
of the Upper Freeport coal above sea-level is correct within 50 feet, 
and over most of the quadrangle probably within 25 feet. 


Rocks outcropping. 


In geological reports it is customary to name each bed of rock 
from some place—town, river, hill, etc—where that rock is typically 
exposed, as the Pittsburgh coal, the Mauch Chunk shale, the Belle- 
fonte limestone, etc. Where, as in most of the coal fields, the indi- 
vidual beds of rock are usually quite thin, and change in character 
from place to place, it has been found necessary to divide the rocks 
into convenient assemblages of strata which are called series, groups, 
and formations. Thus in this area an assemblage of rocks some 300 
feet in total thickness that contains the principal coal beds has been 
called the Allegheny group (or, by the U. 8S. Geological Survey, the 
Allegheny formation) because it is well exposed along Allegheny 
River. Within this group the various beds of rock and coal are given 
individual names, such as the Upper Freeport coal (named from the 
occurrence at Freeport), the Vanport limestone (named from the 
quarry at Vanport, in Beaver County), etc. In the early days the 
Allegheny group was often called the “Lower Productive Measures” 
because of the workable coal beds. it contained and in contradistine- 
tion from the “Upper Productive Measures” in the western part of 
the State that contained the Pittsburgh coal. 

Above the Allegheny group is the Conemaugh group, named from 
. Conemaugh River? The propriety of calling the Conemaugh a “group” 
rather than a formation is apparent when it is recalled that the 
Conemaugh group where fully developed is about 900 feet thick and 


20 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
contains not less than 77 named members. ‘The Conemaugh group 
or “Lower Barren Measures,” of which about 450 feet exist in the 
quadrangle, cover a large share of the quadrangle and form nearly 
all of the hilltops. 

Of the less than 1,000 feet of rocks which outcrop, the lower 200 
feet, or the rocks below the Allegheny group, belong in the Potts- 
ville (Upper Kanawha) series. These have a very limited extent in 
the quadrangle, being confined 'to a small area near McGees Mills, 
and a still smaller area on the Little Mahoning Creek east of Rich- 
mond, and to three little areas in the northeast corner of the quad- 
rangle. These groups of rocks may be. considered from the highest 
point downward. 

The accompanying chart (Plate IV) gives a general idea of the 
stratigraphy of the area as a whole, and of the several districts into 
which it has been divided for convenience of detailed description. 
At the left is shown the subdivision of the column of rocks into groups 


and formations. Both the type section and the several district sec- 


tions have been constructed by determining the position of prominent 
elements of the sections, and then filling’ in the spaces from the 
sections obtained in the traverses, with due regard for the data ob- 
tained by drilling. 

Some idea of the variableness of the rocks and of the difficulty 
of arriving at an average section may be gained by studying figure 2, 
which shows the sections obtained by drilling in a small area in this 
quadrangle. 

Here it will be seen that sandstone in one section is replaced by 
shale in the next, etc. The same irregularity shows on the surface 
in tracing the rocks from hill to hill. The thick coal at the bottom of 
the sections, however, is persistent and fairly uniform within the 
area of these sections. It has the same character over much of the 
area. Notwithstanding the general variableness of the strata, usually 
some one laver, as one of the coal beds, can be traced from one hill 
to the next, and serves to tie two hill sections together. Unfortunate- 
ly, such local key rocks serve over limited areas only and as these 
areas are commonly detached from each other, it has been difficult 
in some instances to determine the position of a local key ‘rock when 
found. Experience hag shown that in this general region the thick 
coals are the most persistent beds, unless exception be made of the 
under clays which may be more persistent but, as a rule, can not 
be so readily distinguished from each other. The limestones are 
valuable markers, because they occur at a few horizons only, and, 


though in this region more commonly lacking than present, where 


found they restrict the vertical position of the rocks where they occur 
to one of a few limestone horizons. 


omtem ieee hie xr 
et Ugh e ce a pe! 
“Nk od ede 

"ae 


(| Sa eet ate tegeren 


of it! 
if 


‘ “ 


SOS eco oP ear’ Sata 
re | id « co % os > 


— nd : 7 a * 
$a, a Fo A “EP = 4 


Giw 


“Ts 


Peg ty ne ogee 


ee 


ty ar 
ay 


3 
Cte ee’ 


oa 
fe 


LIBRARY 


hoe rey ; 


= ee its 
aa 


u 













! a” Pass 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 6 
C South West South North ‘paec; South ; 
i inet Walston Elk Run Bells Mills Big Run ea of Newtonburg of of Rossiter of sehr me Richmond _ of "Burnside Arcadia EastRun. Hillsdale 
0 p Big Run Cloe  Punxsutawney GlenCampbell “""”  * District Glen Campbell 
9a Sa. 
. Gipsy District Gipsy District 


Berton coal 


| | 
| 

; Grafton 

4 Formation 


Grafton sanastone 





ul 























































! 
te = 
i | 
{ 
i es 
eT: 
Oo === 
2 Harlem coal —— 
53 Ames irmestone — 
he == 
= | Oo = 
j Saltsburg — 
| Formation 9 Saltsburg sandstone — 
Z | | 
| | 
| | 
| ' | Lower red shale 
| | WoodsF un limestone 
al p Bakerstown coal | 
{ \ atts 
ns | ! ; Buffalo sandstone Sntamciee 
| | Buf falo Site 
j Formation 
1So- 
| | 
' 
' 
r ! { 
> Brush Creek coal 
we _| 3 
2| = UpperManoning sandstone 
> | re w 
_ | Mahoning Mahoning coai& limestone 
ie) | Formation 
50h 
| ) Wehrum flintclay 
- | | 
! 
ie Pate | 
ol iid i. Uffington shale 
S 2, Freeport Upoer or E coal Ys 
iva) { | Free portUpper clay 
(Re | i Freeoort Upper Iimestone 
ze Ti | Bolivar flint clay 4 me : 
: Var | Bunter sandstone ee : Sas aeaere ss oS a a 
H | | eos a 2 4 uf | 
so | | Freeport JFreeportLoner or Deal == 
Zz | | For mation FreeportLower clay 
<{ reeport Lower Limestone 
2 ra | | | 
; Freeport sandstone "257 SS P 
ae ! Cee Ly 
| > jAitlanningUpperor C coal § oe b2) 
i | Gain 
Z 1S | g ( ‘ 3 
ee la 
i ee 
| Kittannin 
1s0- j . Farmation 
| ; Kittanning tdidale orCooal 
i ie 
175— i | wl 
' x 
| | Mf hitt n Bcoal 
oo W ittanning Lower or Bcoa 
J Vasnerhimentane mee wa ee (OO See ee 
J One 
| < Ciarionor A coal 
22% 
Clarion 


Formotion 





Clarion sandstone oe : ies ie yl yeee 





BroohulleorA coal 





Homewood | Homewood sandstone Limestone Flint clay Sandy shale Sandstone 


Form ation 
Mercer 
Formation 








Mercer coals 





= 


UPPER KANAWHA 


POTTSVIELE (KANAWHA) SERIES 


PLATH IV. Generalized columnar sections for the Punxsutawney quadrangle. 


ROCKS 21 

































































































































































oe 
| 
| 
wears) : 
peek 
ae [" 
—_ =| 
ee Ee Bi ceemcen ; eee 
ra raed pe i 2 
: ers Been a -——— 
a ie pn ‘ 1 = a 
4 eS — Ses 
= Sees ae 
; arom = 
re irae | eat se 
STEED | ee [ { ae 
ants = Sppne Soars =: Sa fees 
ae a yt feeestest er + —— 
ie} PSs] pS = ee 1 sated ——— 
Neen aan ene poner = ——— p= 
eae, Gone Pabed popeue Spaiiee 
pet3 ee = Rape Maw =o eae pee E = = 
= i" Ree aoe ee eeaad eae 
- | ee ee ah a Brie ei fs Saal 
oe Pa Ee Se ee 
te 4 —s [2,ega oat eels tail oes 
: eeeera ae ae Hae 
ceed A Ee ae mieten Seal { 
= — £5 ES 
Sfeokai age a Ly ue nH . 
a eS (eee == pemeseseat) 
Wes eaeemees = Ss re 
pn a —— 
‘ : aes, 
4 
aed eal ig eel ce = 
a ert ? oF 1 = = 
rf | ; L— | —— a4 
; ——— | a rae 
a Ri ganee Ss ean sere 
4 ee ee = SES 












































8 9 2 6 9 rm 
We ee G7. 8 8 0 


FIGURE 2. Sections through the lower part of the Conemaugh group to show 
the variable thickness and extent of the rocks. The figures between the sections 
give the distance between the drill holes in miles and tenths of a mile. 





In preparing the tvpe section and the district sections every ob- 
served limestone outcrop was noted, with its apparent distance above 
or below the Upper Freeport coal. It was soon obvious that the lime- 
stones above the Upper Freeport coal fall at four horizons approx- 
imately 60, 120, 225, and 350 feet, respectively, above that coal. At 
several places red shale occurs close to the limestone 120 and 225 feet 
above the Upper Freeport coal, and coals occur in each instance close 
above or below the limestones. These four limestones are assumed 
to be at the horizons of the Mahoning, Brush Creek, Cambridge, and 
Ewing or Ames limestones, respectively, and the accompanying coals 
were treated as the possible equivalents of the Mahoning, Brush 
Creek, Bakerstown, and Harlem of other parts of the State. Another 
coal still higher was considered a possible equivalent of the Little 
Clarksburg coal. Then all the prominent sandstones above the Upper 
Freeport coal were plotted and the vertical distance from the top 
(massive portion) down to the Upper Freeport coal was noted. Most 
of the sandstones that weather in large blocks or that have been quar- 


22 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


vied, were found to have their tops about 100, 190, and 300 feet above 
the Upper Freeport. All of these sandstones were found to be lenses 
of limited extent, but they were classed as approximating the positions 
of the Upper Mahoning, the Buffalo, and the Saltsburg sandstones. 
A still higher sandstone was correlated with the Morgantown sand- 
stone. It should be distinctly understood that no claim is made that 
these sandstones are parts of the same beds to which those names 
were originally applied or that they occur at exactly the same hori- 
zons. The rest of each section was then plotted as shale on the definite 
basis of the road sections. Thus, although sandstone occurs in places 
immediately above the Upper Freeport coal, both road sections and 
records of drill holes show a preponderance of shale between ‘the 
Mahoning limestone and the Upper Freeport coal. Above the Upper 
Mahoning sandstone is the thick body of shale found prominently 
exposed in railroad cuts around Punxsutawney, Lindsey, and Locust 
Lane, and equally prominent in many of the road se¢tions. It is un- 
doubtedly true that every foot of the section above the Upper Free- 
port coal is locally occupied by sandstone and elsewhere by shale, 
and the interval from the Upper Freeport coal up to the several lime- 
stones, coals, and clays varies considerably. The attempt to represent 
all this would result in valueless jumble. The section given is there- 
fore a type section which, it is believed,. will more nearly describe the 
section at any part of the quadrangle than other sections that might 
be drawn. The same general principal has been used in drawing the 
district sections, except that the data used have been restricted to the 
district. , 


CONEMAUGH GROUP. 


The Conemaugh group takes its name from its exposure in the 
valley of Conemaugh River. It extends upward from the top of the 
Upper Freeport coal to the base of the Pittsburgh coal. In the Pitts- 
burgh area the group has a thickness of about 600 feet. To the east- 
ward the thickness increases and may have been originally 700 feet 
or more in this area. At the present time the greatest thickness left 
uneroded in this quadrangle is about 450 feet. From that figure the 
thickness decreases to a feather edge at the outcrop of the Upper Free- 
port coal. For convenience of detailed descriptions the part of the 
group found in this quadrangle has been divided into four formations, 
each of which contains, at least locally, a resistant sandstone and a 
coal bed at the top, and one or more beds of limestone. The four 
coal beds are at such intervals above the Upper Freeport coal that 
“they may be equivalent to the Brush Creek, Bakerstown, Barton, and 
Little Clarksburg coal beds. The limestones seem to be at the hori- 
zons of the Mahoning, Brush Creek, Cambridge, and Ames limestones. 


ROCKS 23 


The sandstones appeai to be only local lenses, but if the naming of 
the coal beds be approximately correct, then the sandstones are at the 
positions within which, in other regions of the State, occur the Upper 
Mahoning, Buffalo, Saltsburg, and Morgantown sandstones. For 
that reason these names are given to the formations in which these 
sandstones occur. 

As previously stated, and as shown by the section in figure 2, the 
rocks of this group are extremely variable. The shales, which pre- 
dominate slightly, are all sandy, many of them so sandy that itis a 
matter of judgment whether they be called sandy shales or shaly sand- 
stones. The shales are commonly characterized by a light olive green 
color seldom found in the underlying Allegheny group. The sand- 
stones range from soft, greenish, and shaly through thick-bedded, 
hard, resistant, and coarse-grained to conglomeritic and cross-bedded. 
The general section, as worked out and described in a preceding para- 
eraph, indicates a sort of rhythm in the deposits of this group, each 
formation beginning with shale deposited in deep quiet water, follow- 
ed by sandstone, laid down in strong currents, and that by limestone, 
clay, and coal. The vegetation from which the coal was derived 
probably accumulated on land. Whether the sandstones were laid 
down on an irregularly eroded surface, as generally elsewhere, is 
uncertain here for lack of exposures. 


Morgantown formation. 


The Morgantown formation, so far as seen, is composed of shale 
below thin-bedded sandstone, with one or more coal beds, none more 
than a few inches thick. One of these beds may represent the Little 
Clarksburg coal. The formation is confined to a few hilltops in the 
Punxsutawney and Brush Valley synclines. 


Saltsburg formation. 


In general, the lower part of this formation consists of shale which 
is to be seen in many areas just above the Bakerstown coal. At the 
top of this shale are locally red shale, clay, and coal. The lower coal, 
correlated as the Bakerstown, was noticed in a few places only, as 
in the tops of the hills in the northeast corner of Morgantown Town- 
ship. This position appeared to be about 225 feet above the Upper 
Freeport coal. The upper coal bed outcrops in many places on the 
hills south of Punxsutawney and between Cush Creek and Susque- 
hanna River. Where seen this bed is less than one foot thick but it 
has been mined half a mile south of Bowdertown. It lies about 315 
feet above the Upper Freeport coal. The limestone associated with 
this coal is found in Henderson and northern Bell townships of 


24 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Jefferson County, where it has been quarried a little for burning. 
The relation of the coal and limestone and the character of the lime- 
stone may be seen at the W. P. Pifer quarry (I a1 on Plate ITT) 
where the section is as follows 


Section of limestone at the W. P. Pifer quarry. 


Pts 
Noll: 72. Se ote Cone Cee Sed 2 oy sec eee, (eae oe 
Coa] asain soe Ee Gan. 520. yee ees 
GELY Seeing haste dh foes + ace ear: 16. 5 a", eee Et 1 
Clay; ‘brownish. :2oe oe. . os ett anne eee 3 
LAM ESTOTIG Wyn ios coe cee IR ye) <s tel'y ele Sanne eo 8 
Tamestone,” @nde Cli vos mercer... css + oemepenn nen aG 
Limestone, dense; compact, bluish-gray ......... ae <0 
Gay 7. a8 whet eee doc ORE Rema eee i. ery mee 
Total limestone. os Geet ee eee ees 4 8 


The correlation of this coal and limestone is not known, but the lime- 
stone is about in the general position of the Ames limestone, though 
it does not have the dark-bluish or ereenish-gray color, nor the gran- 
ular surface due to crinoid stems, that are characteristic of the 
typical Ames of western Pennsylvania. The coal above may be at 
the horizon of the Barton coal of Somerset County, or the coal and 
limestone may have the position of an unnamed coal and limestone 
in the Pittsburgh region, given in a section by I. C. White’. 

Associated with this limestone in places is a distinct band of red 
shale which, it is thought, may represent the “Pittsburgh reds” of 
western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. <A few feet below this 
coal in Morgantown Township is a resistant sandstone that caps 
many of the hills and has a marked effect on the 'topography, produc- 
ing flat-topped hills and broad, shallow, rock-floored valleys. The 
sandstone is not common in other parts of the quadrangle. This 
sandstone in its relations to other rocks has about the position of 
the Saltsburg sandstone of Indiana and Westmoreland counties. 


Buffalo formation. : 


The Buffalo formation includes the strata between the coal horizons 
about. 120 and 225 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. The lower 
coal is thought to have the position of the Brush Creek or Gallitzin, 
and the upper coal to have the position of the Bakerstown coal of 





‘White, I. C., U. S. Geol, Survey Bull, 65, p, 72, 1891, 


ROCKS 25 


Allegheny County. The Bakerstown coal is more than 2 feet thick 
locally and has been mined in a few places. According to the drill 
records, however, the coal cannot be assumed to have any commercial 
value. <A little below the Bakerstown coal, red shales and weathered 
limestone fragments are found locally, as notably in the areas west 
of Canoe Creek. These red shales may represent the “lower reds” 
and the limestone, the Cambridge limestone, of western Pennsylvania. 
At several places in the western part of the quadrangle coarse-grained 
or gritty sandstone was found, the top of which is about 190 feet above 
the Upper Freeport coal. Among the occurrences of this sandstone 
may be mentioned the hills southwest of Rossiter, northwest of 
Juneau, southwest of Savan (outside the area mapped), and on Cold 
Spring Run, northwest of Punxsutawney. This sandstone is within 
the interval in which occurs the Buffalo sandstone of Armstrong 
County. Below it is a thick body of shale, prominently exposed in 
the railroad cuts around Punxsutawney, at Lindsey, and north of 
Locust Lane. 


Mahoning formation 


The Mahoning formation includes the strata from the top of the 
Upper Freeport coal to the top of the coal 120 feet higher. Near the 
middle of the formation occurs a little black shale or thin coal, under- 
lain by a bed of clay, and, at least locally, by limestone. A section 
of the strata in this horizon was exposed in making a cut for the 
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad at Williams station, east 
of Punxsutawney. The section is as follows: 


Section at Williams station, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R. R., 
214 miles east of Punxsutawney. 


Ve) aaa 
Pandstene prowl shaly) seis nk... een. cedetaee ieee 6 
ST mae i Ee ees rete teaee cry Cig a Pcie cia a « 6 
Shale, black (place of Mahoning coal) ........ 1 
AER NNT BRERA C0 Ae Ge RIE ie ee 2 
Shale, deep chocolate and olive (fairly typical 
ASL) SEI So Aa eg Aa rr 4 


Limestone, highly ferruginous (much of it 
calcareous iron ore) (“Johnstown ore” horizon) 4 
Shale, olive, very fine-grained .................. 23 
Shale, black ..... BO. |: re Ce 1 
Clay, olive-drab, hard ..... eae ook es sss 6 
Aral Wists. | eee al, teed 10 
RPO LIVE Crab’... 2. 6 SRM e se. on. 2 ee ee 2 
Shale, olive sandy, grading into olive sandstone 
Deaow,stosrailroad: track. Aiams 4... eee 10 


26 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


The black shale or coal, clay, and limestone in this horizon have at 
times been mistaken for the Upper Freeport coal, which lies 70 feet 
lower. The main reason for this mistake has been the presence of a 
massive sandstone above this coal and a thick body of shales below, 
which are features common to the Upper Freeport coal horizon. The 
sandstone over this coal, which is correlated as the Mahoning coal, 
is well developed as a massive coarse-grained rock in the divides 
south of Mahoning Creek, and east of Punxsutawney. It also caps 
the ridges north and west of Newtonburg. The shales below the 
Mahoning coal are exposed in the railroad cut at Williams station 
and in many of the road sections. A trace of red shale is found in 
places, associated with the Mahoning limestone. In many places 
parts of the shale below the Mahoning coal have somewhat the char- 
acter of flint clay. 


ALLEGHENY GROUP. 


The Allegheny group is the coal-bearing group of this area. The 
number of coal beds or coal-bearing horizons increases from about 5 
on the western edge of the State to 10 or 12 on the eastern edge of the 
coal field. Seven horizons appear to carry coal widely and each has 
been named from some locality where the coal is prominent. In the 
Clearfield area, of which this field is generally considered to be a 
westward extension, the coals have long been designated by letters. 
The names of the seven coal beds or horizons and the corresponding 
letters are as follows: 


IX or Upper Freeport 
D or Lower Freeport 

C’ or Upper Kittanning 
C or Middle Kittanning 
B or Lower Kittanning 
A’ or Clarion 

A or Brookville 


The coal beds in this group are variable in thickness and character. 
In places all are thick enough to work, while elsewhere not more than 
one or two are of workable thickness. In some areas single beds main- 
tain a uniform thickness and section for many square miles. In 
other areas the same beds will vary from 3 or 4 feet to zero within 
short distances, and without any apparent regularity. On account 
of their value the coals are discussed more at length elsewhere. Each 
coal bed usually lies on clay and is covered by shale, though in places 
sandstone forms the roof. 


ROCKS 27 


Distance between coal beds. 
The distances between the beds are shown in the following table: 


Distance between coal beds of Allegheny group in Punasutawney 
quadrangle, in feet. 











Northeast Glen Southeast Northeast 
corner Campbell corner Rossiter corner 

mem: LD) We aei ee oe 40) 30 30 4() 4) 
Beebe 0.) 24") ab ene, 70 40 55 BY) 

(SU Oey Sean gy Pore dd 5D 50 80 100 
TEBLOU Leto tens:..: 40) 60 60 5D 65 
Dotalalivto., Bas... 205 190 195 210 205 

LG QUO 80a i ace aes aa 95 70 


The interval from the E coal to the B coal is remarkably regular 
in this region, as it is in adjoining regions, averaging about 200 feet. 
The interval from the E coal to the D coal, though ranging from 
below 30 feet to above 40 feet, is established by many measurements. 
Between the D and B coals are from two to four coals, and as the 
measurements below the D coal are relatively few in number, it is 
quite possible that some of the figures given in the table above are 
between coals at different horizons in different parts of the field. 
Of the coals between the E and B, the D is a valuable bed but strati- 
graphically irregular. In central Clearfield County it splits and the 
two parts are as much ag 55 feet apart. In the Glen Campbell region 
it appears to be a double or triple bed. South of this area there 
appear to be two overlapping beds in about this position. Probably 
this bed is a double one that is locally united into one bed, locally 
separated into two distinct beds and locally one or the other of the 
beds is lacking. 

Below the B coal are about 100 feet of rocks containing the Clarion 
sandstone and coal and in the region to the west of this the Vanport 
limestone. : 

For the purposes of mapping and detailed description the Allegheny 
group has been divided into three formations: the Freeport, extending 
from the top of the Upper Freeport coal to the top of the Upper 
Kittanning coal; the Kittanning, extending from the top of the Upper 
Kittanning coal to the base of the clay under the Lower Kittanning 
coal, and the Clarion, extending from the base of the Kittanning form- 
ation to the base of the group. The Freeport and Kittanning forma- 
tions. are each divided into two parts, the line between the two parts 
of the Freeport member being drawn at the top of the Lower Freeport 
coal, and that between the two parts of the Kittanning member being 
drawn at the top of the Middle Kittanning coal. 


28 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Freeport formation. 


Beginning at the top, the Freeport formation contains the Upper 
Freeport coal described beyond; then the underclay of the coal, com- 
monly from 2 to 9 feet thick, generally of good quality; then the 
Upper Freeport limestone; sometimes a iittle flint clay which comes 
at the horizon of the Bolivar clay; then shale or sandstone to the D 
bed. Records of drill holes indicate that in places the limestone is 
from 5 to 20 feet thick. On the surface, as a rule, only weathered 
fragments of the limestone are seen. The rocks below the E bed are 
exposed in the railroad cuts along Canoe Creek south of Cloe post 
office, and consist mainly of sandy shale or shaly sandstone. 

No clear-cut sections of the rocks between the D and B coals were 
seen «in this quadrangle. The sections given in Plate IV represent 
the sequence as best it can be determined. 

The D bed is described in detail beyond. The clay under it is 
thinner as a rule than that under the E coal. The Lower Freeport 
limestone is absent over most, if not all, of the quadrangle. The rocks 
between the D and © coals are commonly concealed. A fairly resist- 
ant sandstone below the D coal underlies many of the ridge tops in 
the central part of the quadrangle. Locally this sandstone is coarse- 
erained or even conglomeritic, as northeast of Urey. 


Kittanning formation. 


As far as seen, the rocks of the Kittanning formation are sandy 
shales and shaly sandstones. The ©’ and C coals are commonly too 
thin to work in this area, but locally they reach a workable thickness, 
and at one point the C’ bed contains a thick bench of cannel coal. 
The rocks of the Kittanning formation were nowhere clearly seen, 
though parts of the section are exposed in railroad cuts south and 
east of McGees. In that area the Upper Kittanning member appears 
to be predominatingly shaly and the Lower Kittanning member pre- 
dominatingly sandy. In a cut a short distance south of McGees, the 
B coal is overlain by about 10 feet of shale that has been crushed, 
folded and faulted, while unconformably over the shale is 10 feet of 
sandstone lying flat. This unconformity has been noted over a broad 
area in Pennsylvania and is the most pronounced feature of the kind 
in the Alleghey group. See figure 3. 





































































































FIGURE 3. Figure showing overthrust of sandstone on shale in railroad cut 
south of MeGees. The coal is the B. The eontact of the shales over the B coal 
with the overhanging sandstone is commonly one of unconformity. The base of 
the sandstone here is slckened or polished by friction. 


ROCKS 29 


Clarion formation. 


The Clarion formation is best exposed around McGees and between 
that place and Mahaffey. 


Section of lower part of Allegheny group near McGees, 


iG 1n 
SaAndstorwe an (esnalege cet ere tress eset charsta ctvenyaeaca 6 
Shale: Uriah, Sei Guat erste rr siete vant coe. oie rce nie 10 
Goals Ce S in Chests ese eee cust aie ee ate cery. te arias Led 
s0ne- and, shale Mees eet ne Nees Brae eee 2 
Clay; drab and brown grading into sandstone 

Ate DOTLOTT (ages CRM ate ae, art ete Spee ihe 4 6 
Sandstone, light brown, thin bedded to irregular 

beddeds.), Veer Pee Suen Pe a eee Beeg.6 
COO Den EeEe acl tatew dete Men neces leg heats leaned hee eaone 1 10 
Clavel dra band endrn et coke ts chet « a ea sh eas 5) 
PTI aye DO OL terre seit ts coche ork aha ala Ske 4 6 
Cleve COU OPA Mer ccs oe crea cs fg, Wildcat cl clcmle se 4 6 
Hidden interval, partly sandstone mostly clay 

NG CSE Nee ea oh ty Sry Ss SA ee Gr ee 12 
CTE, Seer LG CL eames oe chee oes Sis eee etch inet akon 5 
PvOns Ores POURMEbUNr stone Gres) ss... Ae. 0. oe J 
Positronsol Yanport limestone \, 2.5 6... 0) 
COUBIIT TSMYe ian I, Aetna oa lene ane a enor a ae ae ae 5) 
BandsLouesshaly.~carponaceous. .. nT eee es bess 6 
Sandstone, massive to conglomeritic (Clarion) 

PUT OESsOreCOcd oFGt DASE a... 2 sete a8 oa 6 ee beac 30 
Shale with iron concretions, 4 feet to .........°. 6 
CeO Lea yee UOU ee ciel ust era Celie dere % wan cdecu’ + 
Cilavewcrath Sandy. poor 4 Leet. LOr ea. ec... oa 8 
Pottsville, light brown and drab sandstone ...... 


From its position between the A and B coals it seems possible that 
the iron ore in this section may represent the Buhrstone ore that 
through most of western Pennsylvania lies immediately above the 
Vanport limestone. In the same way the thin strip of flint clay be- 
low the B coal may represent the flint clay that occurs below the 
Lower Kittanning coal in Clarion County and elsewhere. 

The Vanport limestone, which is of economic value and serves as 
a “key” rock in other areas, in this quadrangle was seen at only one 
point, west of Richmond. The Clarion sandstone, which is between 
the B and A coals, is a prominent massive sandstone around McGees 
and Richmond, the two regions where it outcrops. It is suitable for 
quarrying over a large area north of McGees. 


30 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
POTTSVILLE (KANAWHA) SERIES 


The Pottsville series is exposed only around McGees and Richmond, 
and in those places the outcrop is usually hidden by the debris from 
the massive Clarion sandstone above. It is not pierced by any of the 
holes drilled for coal, so that little is known of it. Near McGees the 
following section was made: 


Section of top of Pottsville series near McGees. 


LE ayren: 
Base of Allegheny, drabiclay,o.> »... .. cee 
Sandstone, drab, shaly, laminated to even 
bedded a aes oie ret ee, cs Re 10 
Sandstone, irregular bedded to massive ......... 20 
Sandstone,“ shaly oo.0. iy.) eee ec en 10 
Clay :shalei Ore ol Gas ao. Gee te kp ee ee 5 
Goal, Upper “Mercer: oo... eeeteian em eet tee alike 
Undencclay vee wenn ab ee ERPS i icbrie, Sh Myre: 2 ee 2 
Sandstone in thin, regular beds’ )...-.....4..... 3 
Shale, with lines of sandstone plates .......... 10 
Shale, Crabs ret ane vate ney etc eects eae ee 10 
Coal, Lower Mercers. 7 iit on ton ia eee: 6 2 
Gla yikes bass eibae bene pee edeles Cie ne Team 4 


Connoquenessing sandstone in Bear Creek 


In general the Pottsville series in this area consists of about 200 
feet of rocks, composed of more or less massive sandstone at the top, 
the Homewood; a group of shales, coals and limestones, the Mercer ; 
and a lower sandstone, the Connoquenessing. Farther west the 
Sharon coal and sandstone come in still lower. In the anthracite 
field there are many hundred feet of sandstone, shale and coal 
representing deposition in early Pottsville time, when this area 
was land and was being eroded. 

The Homewood is a prominent, massive sandstone around 
Curwensville. East of this region and in many other places it is 
from 30 to 60 feet thick. Here it does not appear to be very massive 
and prominent, though data on it are very meager. . 

The Mercer group, so classed because of its thickness of several 
hundred feet in West Virginia, varies in thickness from a few feet 
to 20 feet or more. Near McGees it contains two thin coal beds. In 
Beaver Valley each of these coal beds is usually underlain by lime- 
stone. In the eastern part of Clearfield County there is usually only 
one coal bed and this is sometimes lacking, but under it is locally a 
thick bed of clay that in places contains a high grade of flint clay. 


ROCKS | 31 


The Connoquenessing sandstone, commonly shaly or interbedded 

with shales, is 100 feet or more thick. It barely outcrops in this quad- 
rangle and is nowhere well exposed. Commonly beds of shale, and 
locally the Quakertown coal, divide it into two or more parts. 
' The Pottsville is the series that contains the valuable coals of the 
Kanawha, New River, and Pocahontas fields of West Virginia and 
all of the coals of Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. It con- 
tains the Lykens Valley coals of the anthracite field of Pennsyl- 
vania, 


MAUCH CHUNK. SERIES 


The Mauch Chunk series, which in the eastern part of the State 
has a thickness of several thousand feet, is represented but poorly, 
or not at all, in the Punxsutawney quadrangle. The Mauch Chunk, 
as originally laid down, appears to have decreased in thickness from 
east to west. Following the depositing of the Mauch Chunk, central 
Pennsylvania was lifted above sea-level, and remained so for most of 
Pottsville time. During this emergence much or all of the Mauch 
Chunk in this quadrangle was removed by erosion. North of 'this 
region even some of the underlying series was eroded. The Mauch 
Chunk exposed on the Allegheny Front is red and green shales and 
sandstones, with some typical drab shales and gray sandstones. Deep- 
red shale, supposed to be of Mauch Chunk age, occurs on Anderson 
Creek near Curwensville, to the east of this quadrangle. Rocks of 
Mauch Chunk age were not seen in this quadrangle and drillers for 
gas south of Punxsutawney do not report any red shale in the position 
of the Mauch Chunk, suggesting that it is absent. Mauch Chunk 
rocks are shown on the geological map of Indiana County prepared by 
the Second Pennsylvania Survey, but were not found in a careful 
search during the recent field study. It is probable, therefore, that 
some of the Mauch Chunk may be present in the southeast part 
of the quadrangle, but it is absent in the northwest part. 


POCONO SERIES 


The Pocono series does not outcrop in this quadrangle but it is 
pierced in the gas wells south of Punxsutawney. In the eastern part 
of the State it is from 1,000 to 2,100 feet thick: on the Allegheny 
Front it is 1,100 feet thick, of which the upper 400 feet is massive 
sandstone, the Burgoon, “Big Injun” of the drillers; the lower 700 
feet consists of shales and sandstone, some of the shales being red. 
On the upper Allegheny River, to the west of this quadrangle the 
Burgoon (Logan) has a thickness of 250 feet and the lower part 


32 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


of the series (Cuyahoga group of Ohio,) a thickness of 450 to 500 
feet, including the Meadville (shale and limestone) at the top, 
Sharpsville (sandstone), Sunbury or Orangeville (shale), then 
the Berea (sandstone) formations. In ‘this quadrangle the 
Pocono has an intermediate thickness and character somewhat neat; 
er the section on Allegheny River. On the Allegheny Front and in 
this quadrangle the lower part of the section contains considerable 
quantities of red shale. On Allegheny River the red shales have 
largely disappeared. 


DEVONIAN SYSTEM 


Gas wells south of Punxsutawney pierce about 1500 feet of rocks 
below the supposed base of the Pocono. These rocks are of Devonian 
age, and are brought to the surface east of this region by great folds. 
A fold in Centre County exposes more than 8,000 feet of Devonian 
rocks. These are predominantly shaly at the base and sandy at the 
top. In the Punxsutawney area the Devonian rocks probably are 
thinner and more shaly. Only the upper part of the Devonian has 
yet been reached by the drill. The uppermost group, the Catskill, has 
a thickness of 2,000 feet on the Allegheny Front, where it is mostly 
red shale and sandstone. The group thins northward to 500 or 600 
feet in Warren County, and to 200 or 300 feet on the western border 
of the State. The red color of the shales gives way to green or gray 
to the north and west. The detailed sections are given in Figure 4. 





































ROCKS 83 
200” 
000; 
800 
Su elcoat. 8 
= LIME STONE 
' COAL A 
Pe 
206) ae 
e——=|.RED ROCK 
(oy : 
EEEETEI GAS SAND te 
f 
ta BOTTOM OF, 
===] GAS SAND —— 
== SHALE = 
aook== JUNEAU FIELD FWPHILLIPS GAS & OILCO. FE=SqRED Foe Foe 
= |. WHITE FARM = — 
S=JRED SHALE , =|RED Roch === 
= 2 ELI WHITE FARM hele 
== 3.AIRGOOD FARM 2 
a 4. PHIL HAAG FARM 
RED SHALE BEE =IRED ROCK 5NS.NORTH FARM ==reo rock = 
Ta) IN SHALE iene 


WEST OFGLEN CAMPBELL = 

6.5.J.SMITH FARM ae 

_TWOMI.SOUTHWEST OF CLEARFIELD === 
7. J.L.MPHERSON 


= SAWOS TONE 


= oR 


SPEECHLEY SO, 






PEECHLEY 
AND? 





FIGURE 4. Sections of Wh imesh 
character of rocks below Sy ie Bead wells in central Fennsylvanta showing 


5B hacia —~ Se ' 
at 
jae | 


34 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
STRUCTURE. 


Meaning of term. 


By the structure of the rocks is meant their altitude or position 
relative to sea level. As is well known the rocks of central Pennsyl- 
vania, after being laid down in nearly or quite horizontal beds, 
were subjected to great pressure, apparently from the southeast, 
which pushed the rocks into long folds running from northeast to 
southwest. East of the Allegheny Front the folding is very close 
and in some areas the folds have been overturned or broken. In this 
quadrangle, which lies a little west of the Allegheny Front, the folds 
have the same direction but are broad and low. The inclination or 
angle by which the bedding planes of the rocks diverge from the hori- 
zontal is called the dip. A fold in which the rocks dip away from 
the axis is called an anticline. Where they dip toward each other 
to form a trough the fold is called a syncline. The line following the 
highest part of an anticline and the lowest part of the syncline is 
known as the axis. These axes are not horizontal, but rise much 
higher or sink lower in’some areas than others. The dip of a rock 
in one direction only, in a limited area on the flank of a syncline or 
anticline, is called a monocline; the term monocline may refer to a 
downward flexure of the rock from one level to another. 


Representation of structure. 


In this report, as in the similar reports on the geology of western 
Pennsylvania, the structure is represented by contour lines, similar to 
those used in representing the elevation of the surface. In this quad- 
rangle contour lines have been drawn 50 feet apart in vertical eleva- 
tion. A contour line marked 2,000 feet on the map means that some 
stratum, in this case the top of the E coal bed which forms the top 
of the Allegheny group, is estimated to be just 2,000 feet above sea 
level along that line. Near that line is another mark 2,050 feet and 
the top of the FE coal is assumed to rise 50 feet between the positions 
of the two lines. The structure contour lines are shown on the map 
in red. By use of these contour lines it is possible to estimate the 
depth from the surface of any coal bed or other stratum. For ex- 
ample, if it is desired to know how far the B coal is below the surface 
at a given point, an examination of the map may show that the point 
in question is at an elevation of 1950 feet. At that point is a structure 
contour line of 1,600 feet, showing that the top of the Upper Freeport, 
or E coal, is 350 feet deep at that point. As the stratigraphic section 
shows the B coal to lie nearly 200 feet below the F, it is approximately 
550 feet from the surface at that point to the B coal. If the particular 
stratum is ahove the FE coal, we should subtract its distance above the — 
E from the depth of the E coal. 





oo 
Ol 


STRUCTURE 
Description of structure. 


The geologic structure in this quadrangle consists of a broad anti- 
cline crossing from south of the northeast corner to west of the center 
ef the south line of the quadrangle and of two prominent synclines, 
one on either side of the broad anticline. The broad anticline splits 
near the middle of the quadrangle and one fork passes southwesterly 
to near the southwest corner of the quadrangle. The principal anti- 
cline, which is called the Chestnut Ridge anticline here and farther 
south, corresponds in position with and makes Chestnut Ridge a 
prominent ridge in the southern part of the State. The syncline on 
the north passes through Punxsutawney and is known as the Punxsu- 
tawney syncline. The one to the southeast is called the Brush Valley 
syncline. The western split of the main anticline is called the Kinter 
Hill anticline, from a hill in the southwest part of this quadrangle 
through which it passes. The name Richmond, applied to this anti- 
cline in the Indiana quadrangle, has been abandoned. Between the 
two forks of the main anticline is the Dixonville syncline. 


Chestnut Ridge anticline. 


The axis of the Chestnut Ridge anticline, as shown on the map, 
extends from some distance south of the northeast corner of the quad- 
rangle southwest through the southeast corner of Jefferson County, 
then southwest and south past Smithport, west of Gipsy, and through 
East Run on the south line of the quadrangle. In the central part 
of the quadrangle the top of the anticline is very broad and the rocks 
are practically flat for four miles across the crest, the E coal having 
an elevation of 1,850 to 1,900 feet. To the northeast along the axis 
of the anticline, the rocks rise and the E coal hag an elevation of 2,100 
feet over the part of the quadrangle lying in Clearfield County. 
Southwest from the center of the quadrangle, the rocks along the 
axis lie nearly flat from Smithport almost to East Run, then dip to 
the edge of the quadrangle. On either side of the broad top, the 
rocks dip steeply to the southeast and northwest, in many places 200 
feet or more to the mile. The dip appears to be fairly uniform, partly 
because of lack of exact information. 


Kinter Hill anticline. 


The Kinter Hill anticline sets off as a spur from the Chestnut 
Ridge anticline near the center of the quadrangle, crosses Little 
Mahoning Creek a little above the mouth of Rishell Run, passes south- 
west through Kinter Hill, and leaves the quadrangle one mile north 
of the southwest corner. The E coal has an elevation of 1,800 feet 
where this anticline leaves the main arch, then rises to 1,850 feet 


36 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


between Doty Roundtop and Kinter Hill, but descends to 1,750 feet 
at the west edge of the quadrangle. Between that anticline and the 
Chestnut Ridge anticline is a shallow syncline that follows Little 
Mahoning Creek and becomes stronger south of this area. 


Punxsutawney syncline. 


The axis of the Punxsutawney syncline crosses the north edge of 
the quadrangle near the Eleanora shaft with a direction west of 
south; then turns south of west through Punxsutawney following 
down Mahoning Creek Valley. Along the axis of the syncline, which 
appears to be quiet flat, the E coal has an elevation of less than 1,150 
feet above sea level. From that elevation the coal rises sharply to 
the southeast toward the Chestnut Ridge anticline, and toward the 
northwest corner of the quadrangle. 

There appears to be a broad bench on the slope between the Chest- 
nut Ridge anticline and the Punxsutawney syncline in the region 
north and west of Juneau. The exact shape of this bench wag not 
clearly determined but is about as shown. The occurrence of a gas 
pool in that area may be explained by the presence of 'this bench. 


Brush Valley syncline. 


The steeply dipping rocks on the east flank of the Chestnut Ridge 
anticline flatten out toward the southeast part of the quadrangle into 
a broad, flat-bottomed trough whose axis lies a little south and east 
of Burnside. From that axis the rocks rise gradually toward the east. 


GENERAL ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 


The most important mineral in this field is coal. All of the high 
grade Allegheny coals are present under a large part of the quad- 
rangle. A large quantity of clay and shale occurs here, some of which 
may be of considerable value though most of those substances 
do not appear to be of high grade. Limestone is common in at least 
one horizon and less common at several others. The limestone will 
have value for use in agriculture rather than as building stone. 
Certain areas in the quadrangle show an abundance of sandstone, 
more suitable for rough structural work than for fine buildings. 

Gas has been found south of Punxsutawmey, and a little is reported 
north of Newtonburg. Iron ore occurs in the quadrangle but not 
enough to be of present value. 


GENERAL ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 37 
COAL 


Number and names of beds. 


Practically all the available coal of this region is at six horizons in 
the Allegheny group. These have been correlated with coal horizons 
in the type section along the Allegheny River and named from the top 
downward, the Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning, 
Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Brookville. Coals appear 
in a number of other horizons, especially between the Lower Freeport 
and Lower Kittanning, and locally between the Lower Kittanning 
and the Brookville coals. The latter coals may correspond to the 
Clarion coals farther west. Since the days of the first Pennsylvania 
Geological Survey it has been customary in this general region to use 
letters to designate the coals, the Brookville coal being known as the 
A, the Clarion, if present, as the A’, the Lower Kittanning as the B, 
and the Middle Kittanning as the C, the Upper Kittanning as the C’, 
the Lower Freeport as the D, and the Upper Freeport as the E. In 
some of the earlier reports there was some confusion in the use of 
these letters, especially as used by different geologists; for example, 
the first report on this area by the Second Pennsylvania Survey uses 
the letter D for the Upper Kittanning coal and D’ for the Lower 
Freeport. In general, however, the letters as given are those in com- 
mon use today throughout the Clearfield district. 


Grafton formation 


Saltsburg formation 


Buffalo formation 


Mahoning formation 


Freeport formation 


Kittanning formation 


Clarion formation 


Homewood formation 


Mercer formation 


FIGURE 5. Skeleton section of all coal beds in the Punxsutawney quadranyle, 
showing their relation. and thickness. 


2 
| 
! 
t 
\ 
! 
{ 
\ 
| 


—-----> 


em 
OW 





Q. 


+ ~—-——-f-~--- << - — —- -~-O- — ~~ re 





1 
\ 
\ 
! 
| 
! 
' 
! 
1 
\ 
' 
) 
' 
t 
| 
i 
| 
=I 
1 
| 
| 
! 
| 
1 
| 
| 
| 
! 
| 
| 
| 
\ 
} 
| 
\ 
| 
! 
) 
! 
{ 
‘ 
I 
‘ 
! 
' 
! 
=i 
! 
4 
| 
! 
! 
' 
I 
! 
\ 
i 
] 





ane 


eal 


Ww 
n 





Coes 





ue 


1376" 


120° 


Sat oe 


-jo 


-+ 50" 


95" 


195 


290° 


410° 


215’ 


165° 


160° 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Barton coal 


Harlem coal 


Bakerstown coal 


Brush Creek coal 


Mahoning coal and lime- 
stone. 


Upper Freeport or E coal 


Lower Freeport or D coal 


Upper Kittanning or C’ 
coal 


Middle Kittanning or C 
coal 


Lower Kittanning or B 
coal 


Brookville or A coal 


Mercer coals 


Figure 5 is a columnar section showing the number of coal beds, 
their average thickness, their average distance apart, and their re- 
lation to certain rocks which may serve in places as “key” rocks. 


GENERAL ECONOMIG GROLOGY 29 


Punxsutawney Locust Winslow Rossiter Richmond Newtonburg. GlenCampbell Gypsy Burnside 
District District District District District District District District . District 


Lower 







Freeport or ii 


“D" coal 


Upoer 








Kittanning or 


Middle 
Kittanning or 


eCCOd 


Lower 
Kittanning or 


“B" coal 


Brookullle or 


"A coal 


FIGURE 6. Selected sections of the workable coal beds in the several districts 
of the Punxsutawney quadrangle. These are average sections for the workable areas. 
not of the districts. 


40 é PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


As shown in figure 6, although six coal beds are worked in places, 
the Upper Freeport, as far as our knowledge goes, is the most valuable 
bed and is of mineable thickness over most of the quadrangle. The 
Lower Freeport is variable in thickness but is more than 2 feet thick 
in much of the quadrangle. The Upper and Middle Kittanning coal 
beds are usually too thin to work under present conditions. The 
Lower Kittanning, as far as our limited knowledge goes, appears to 
be locally, if not generally, over 2 feet thick. The Brookville coal is 
thick in the very limited area in which it is known. Thege coals are 
taken up a little more fully in separate paragraphs, beginning with 
the Upper Freeport or Ii coal. 


Upper Freeport or E coal. 


As shown on Plate V, and by the sections, figures 7 and 8, the Upper 
Freeport coal is regular in thickness and commonly workable. About 
half of the sections show a layer of bony coal at the top, ranging from 
2 to 12 inches but usually about 6 inches thick. Many of the sections 
have a streak of shale, clay, or bone from 4 to 12 inches from the base. 


‘"ATONVAGVNO ATNMV.LASXNNd AHL NI IVOO g AO SNINNVLLIN YAMOT AHL JO dOWOLNO 
HHL GNV IvO0 © XO LYOdaaaA YWAddN AHL AO SSANMOIHL ANV NOILNGISLSIG AHL ONIMOHS dv 


a a aa 
4924409 AIQeQ etheeed ak PUP 240 4O 2 2jQeI4eA 2q of UMOUY 240 40 Z nee O75 
‘ ; 4, 
~~-  sauiwu pauopuege _ —- UIBLA20UN ssaUyaIYs }209|Z 7H 

4o yyeuig Sdoidjno jB07 






a: [B09 44oda244 uaddn p= ; 
a. SAUILU JBID4AUILUOD % UW ¢ nou aingonays Eos] @4OW 40 7 JBO7 i, 
ear NOLLWNV 1dx 3 
: | 


j20D 4uodae44 suaddy 


IGEN 
AS a 


A 
2. 4 a vy 
+ 7 o, r 


00.62 
| Sbooy 





6 > L * 
Gee SK 4h A soir 
GY yar Os 
Y ANN 
Veda ‘GZ VOSS, a es AN Jp VLE k KL xf 
VACA ae V QVAS Y 
YG: g Y i Ks Lif fo Wizz “ox | ety 
“. fl’ 4 IAG? x? c 2 x, re 
f Y Hg A A, ‘es ‘fe Ly . a 
‘A ALW1d AANMVLASXNNd ‘$9 LAAHS 


VINVATASNNAad AO SVILV 
DIDOIO"S ANY DIHdVWeSOdOL 








TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 


ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA 


SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY 


Pa a Ae 


‘s fA pee ; 
NO: eas x 
LZ bX. Y cod SK LS 


- 
i 


Vv Bdge 
KA 7 


ae A; ry ep MAGS 


N 


Upper Freeport Coal 


EXPLANATION 


707] Structure contours on 

: z oo" ag See mercial mines 
(Coal 2 or more Pe Upper Freeport coal at a Mt 
« Coal outcrops x Malt OF 


77,“ Coal, thickness uncertain abandoned mines 
Z 


Al probably 2’ or more 7 Known to be variable 2’or moreand 
Dae less than 2 


MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION AND THICKNESS OF THE UPPER FREE 


OUTCROP OF THE LOWER KITTANNING OR B COAL IN THE PUNXSU 


2 
ASidagyet_| 


NRK § 
See GS AN 2 


QQ Ody 


| 
{s 


H 
x 
l 


ay 
. aaa 


>. 


re 


seeet ~Outcrop of Lower K ittanning coal 
\-5 Coal,position probably correct 
or more(net) thick. 
~~~  Coal,position in doubt 2‘or 
more(net) thick. 
-. ... Coal,position probably correct 
~ thickness not known. 


PORT OR E COAL AND THE 
TAWNEY QUADRANGLE. 


KITTANNING COALS 45 


106 107 108. 





40” 


FIGURE 10. Selected sections of the Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. (see note 
under figure 7). (106) Af2 Altoona mine (maximum 9-15 ft.). (107) Af2 Altoona 
mine (minimum). (108) Ae6 A. Jeffries mine. (109) Aed. ; 


Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. 


As shown by the sections, the Upper Kittanning coal reaches a 
workable thickness in spots but is generally too thin to work under 
present commercial conditions. This bed is characterized in Penn- 
sylvania by tending to carry a certain amount of cannel coal, and 
one mine exists in this quadrangle where in part of the mine 9 feet of 
cannel overlay a bench of bituminous coal. Very few openings have 
been made on this coal, but many of the drillings show it to have a 
thickness of 2 feet or more, so that it may be assumed that ultimately 
it will furnish at least a small amount of coal to commerce. South of 
Richmond is a mine in a five-foot bed of coal that appears to be 
at this horizon. | 


Middle Kittanning or C coal. 


As shown by the sections, the Middle Kittanning coal is very thin 
over most of the quadrangle, not being workable under present con- 
ditions. The thickness usually ranges from a few inches to 24 inches. 
The roof is usually shale and the floor clay. 


Lower Kittanning or B coal. 


The Lower Kittanning coal is exposed over a very small area only, 
so that our knowledge of it has been derived mainly from the very 
few wells that have pierced it. Such openings as exist, and the few 


aD PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 





FIGURE 8. Selected sections of Upper Freeport or FE coal in the Punxsutawney 
quadrangle. 

(34) Ddl15. (35) Ddll Glenwood No. 11 mine. (36) Ddli Glenwood No. 
11 mine. (37) Dd10 Depp mine. (389) Dd9 Outcrop. (40) De4 Winkey mine. 
(41) De9 Indiana No. 3 mine. (42) Cfll Westover and Baker mine. (438) Bf8 
J. A. Numann mine. (44) Fb7 Clover Run No. 1 mine. (45) Cel6 Jas. Gorman 
mine. (46)Ce21 Carnahan mine. (47) Cf3. (48) Cel2 Arcadian No. 44 (No.8) 
mine. (49) Cf5 Arcadia No. 43 (No.4) mine. (50) Cf6 Indiana No. 5, mine. 
(51) Cf7. (52) Ce24 M. Smith mine. (58) Ce25 B. Smith Mine. (54) DelT 
Bennett mine. (56) De7 Hillsdale No. 3 mine. (57) Dell Hillsdale No. 1 mine. 
(58) Cel4 Hillsdale No, 4 mine. (59) Ce22 Hoffman mine. (60) Ce? Indiana 
No. 6 mine. (61) Cel3 Arcadia No. 5 mine. (62) Ce6. (63) De20 Whirwin mine. 
(64) Hel6 EK. White mine. (65) Ee21 Gardner mine. (66) Fe6 Patchin mine. 


The roof of this coal commonly is shale, though in parts of the area 
the Lower Mahoning sandstone rests on the coal and in. places cuts 
into it. The floor almost everywhere is clay, with a thickness of two 
feet or more, and often four or five feet, Over this south central L pat 


uy 


— 


LOWER FREEPORT COAL 43 








Wei 


44 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


beta ial i hed. 


(68) Aa22 Hagg mine. (69) Ae24 Walston No. 1 mine. (70) Aa 25 Walston, 
No. 3 mine. (71) Ab2 Elk Run shaft. (72) Aal2 Adrian No. 1 mine. (73) Aa6 
D. Staley mine. (74) Aad J. W. Browne mine. (75) Cal Eleanora shaft. (78) 
Dbd below Hillman mine (rep.). (80) Fa4. (81) Fb6 Clover Run _No. 2 mine. 
(82) Fb5 Outcrop on road. (86) De9 below Indiana No. 3 mine. (87) De3 Glen- 
wood No. 6 mine. (88) Dd13 Glenwood No. 6 mine. (89) Dd18 Glenwood No. 6 
mine. (90) Ded Glenwood No. 5 mine. (91) Hel Glenwood No. 8 mine. (92) 
He6 (93) He3 Urey No. 5 mine. (94) Ed8 Urey No. 1 mine. (95) Ed7 Outcrop. 
(96) Hd9 Urey No. 2 mine. (97) Ed3 Cesna mine. (100) Aell. (101) Bel. 
(102) Ee21 Bellmore mine. (103) Hel0 Indiana No. 7 mine. tKHETART 
- (102) EHe21 Bellmore mine. (103) Hel5. (104) Eel0 Indiana No. 7 mine. (105) 
Ie9 Indiana No. 1 mine. 


of ‘the quadrangle the section and thickness are remarkably regular, 
mine after mine showing almost identical sections. Toward the 
northwest, however, the bed becomes very irregular and in the Locust 
and Punxsutawney districts is locally absent or very thin. ‘The 
position of this coal is shown on the geologic map (Plate II) by the 
contact between the Allegheny and Conemaugh groups. 


Lower Freeport or D coal. 


As shown by the sections in figure 9, the D coal is extremely vari- 
able in thickness. It has a magnificent development in the Punxsu- 
tawney district, averaging six feet or more in a very large area and up 
to 10 feet in places, though it is absent in a north-south belt running 
a little east of the center of the Punxsutawney district. Also it 
reaches a thickness of 9 feet or more in one small area in the Glen 
Campbell district. Over the quadrangle as a whole, however, it is 
irregular in thickness, though probably workable in a large part of 
the area it underlies. Its average thickness outside of the Punxsu- 
tawney district, probably is three feet or less. As a rule it is without 
partings or bony coal, though in some sections there is a small bench 
of bony coal at the top. Where the coal reaches its greatest thickness 
in the Glen Campbell region (see under that district), it is divided 
by rather thick partings into three or more benches. The roof usually 
is shale though a number of sections show sandstone. The floor 


practically always is clay. See plate VI. he 


, 


‘eo 


‘TIONVAGCVNO AANMV.LOSXNNd 
AHL NI I1VOO d ¥O LYOdaaaA AAMOT AHL AO SSUNMOIHL GNV NOILONSINLSIG AHL DNIMOHS dvVW 





eee UBULSS2) 240LU JO 2 AjQeqoid p> 
UMOUY Jou ssauydiUu, iA | ee A 
4924402 jiete ad Teens: ett ... Ajqeqoid eons UNPLASIUN SSUYSIUL oa ueu, ssa} jeog [> 
"yYOIUL G2u)au0UWU | SAUILU pauopuege sdo42ino jo Apes sce A DH SLLE 
40 2 4QNop u! UOYWIScd‘}e0o7 ~~~ 4O |jBUG ; ied z 
"yl QU) Q4OLU 40 [B09 440d424 4 uaddr 
4924.409 Reseed ofiecdiess <1, SOUILY [BID4AUULOD & Uo sunojuos aingoniy.s LOOX e40UL NO Coe GH, 
_ NOILYNY Idx 

SUNG 3 rey JRO?) JHodaai4 4aMo7 








Z ; 
he do’ “ 
Sng 
TEs 

ft. 

WA 

ma 
rf 


Sb.8L 


IA 3Lv 1d AANMVLNSXNNAd ‘S9 LAaSHS 
VINVATASNNad AO SV ILV 
19010489 AGNV DIHdVUDOdOL 






TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 


ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY PLATE VI. 


—_——— —- Sante ta [oo 
7h $ 7 Aff Wh a \a\y = IF ET IS ST eam FAS Ee ea ae gg 


f 3 , Af J th oe /NY 3c * / ff f{/ Pe” GO Lp ae SF A / 
A hk hel s 4 Ney’ 2 4 ce ft ff F re, - 
Aff, ae \ Y iF Mme Ps / f J 4] f 
Fe ad ff _ ¥ “ty ee LS” Ae ey AI AS 
ip F Ar y Y "Vy y / trator ay : hs 
Sy, g Ae oA M mae coe fff 4 or 
J (fp a / Y Tf : . * ae = 
/ 
/ 





/ a, 
4 f 


LAG AR, BONXS 


Ws hb hebdel 
; 


aS 





ods 


| ‘a Pie. V4 Y, f \ \ “A f Ay S. fon ; ZB < o , 73% y: “a | : : J \s dp 
Eye LBELL ALY LA [ee i, NAMA FBT Lg bf ba Clap | ie 


Lower Freeport Coa! oy : ——— SSS _ — cpieiatl eaidecemt eee 
Structure earner a ae Coal,position probably correct 
} : nO. r 4 : : ’ , , 
UZ Coal 2 or more 2A Upper Freeport coal Commercial mines 2-or more(net) thick. 
Meteaal outcroos < small or  —— -__ Coal, position in doubt 2’ or 
| | {Coal less than 2. P abandoned mines more(net) thick. 
oa a ey y, 7 ACoal Thickness uncertain Zz Coal probably “eos al estiion pela correct 
probably 2’or more lessthan 2 IcKNESS NOT KNOWN. 


MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION AND THICKNESS OF THE LOWER FREEPORT OR D COAL IN THE 
PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE. 


KITTANNING COALS 45 


14 W5 116 





FIGURE 10. Selected sections of the Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. (see note 
under figure 7). (106) Af2 Altoona mine (maximum 9-15 ft.). (107) Af2 Altoona 
mine (minimum). (108) Ae6 A. Jeffries mine. (109) Aed. 


Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. 


As shown by the sections, the Upper Kittanning coal reaches a 
workable thickness in spots but is-generally too thin to work under 
present commercial conditions. This bed is characterized in Penn- 
sylvania by tending to carry a certain amount of cannel coal, and 
one mine exists in this quadrangle where in part of the mine 9 feet of 
cannel overlay a bench of bituminous coal. Very few openings have 
been made on this coal, but many of the drillings show it to have a 
thickness of 2 feet or more, so that it may be assumed that ultimately 
it will furnish at least a smali amount of coal to commerce. South of 
Richmond is a mine in a five-foot bed of coal that appears to be 
at this horizon. | 


Middle Kittanning or C coal. 


As shown by the sections, the Middle Kittanning coal is very thin 
over most of the quadrangle, not being workable under present con- 
ditions. The thickness usually ranges from a few inches to 24 inches. 
The roof is usually shale and the floor clay. 


Lower Kittanning or B coal. 


The Lower Kittanning coal is exposed over a very small area only, 
so that our knowledge of it has been derived mainly from the very 
few wells that have pierced it. Such openings as exist, and the few 


46 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


holes that have been drilled through it, suggest that it will probably 
prove of workable thickness over most of the quadrangle. It may 
average nearly or quite 3 feet. The only areas where it is now exposed 
are the Richmond, Newtonburg, and Glen Campbell districts. In 
these its section varies, in places showing no partings or bony coal 
and in others showing one or more partings and one or more benches 
of bony coal. Over the State as a whole, this coal is usually of mod- 
erate thickness but regular, so that it may be judged to maintain 
somewhat similar characteristics in this quadrangle. Usually so far 
as seen, the roof is shale and the floor 6 or 8 feet of clay. 


117 18 119 120 21 i22 123 





FIGURE 11. Selected sections of the Middle Kittanning or C coal. (121) 
N.Y: C. RR. ‘eut just..east: of quadrangie! (122) SNe WAC eR Recut dale es) 
Weld. 


124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 





FIGURE 12. Sections of the Lower Kittanning or B coal in the Punxsutawney 
quadrangle. (see note under figure 7). 
(126) Ad8. (127) Ea4 Schlimmer mine. (129) Fd3 RR. cut near MeGees. 
(130) Bf2. (1381) Bf8 C. Rodney mine. (182) Bfld J. Romeley mine. (1338) Bfl. 
(1384) Ae4 RR. cut near Richmond. (138) (139) Del10 Indiana No. 1 mine. 


BROOKVILLE AND MERCER COALS 47 


148 14-9 150 151 [S22 [SS 











14.5 146 147 





FIGURE 13. Selected sections of the Clarion and Brookville or A’ and A coals. 
(see note under figure 7). (145) Ece8 (Probable “B” coal). (146) Ee4 Bear Run 
No. 1 mine. (47) Ec7 outcrop in railroad cut. (148) Fe6 in deep railroad cut 
close to MecGees statien. (149-150) Ke4 McGee mine. (151) ic8 railroad cut. 
(152) Ael7 outerop beside road. (158) Be5 Outcrop beside road. (154) Dd2 
Superior mine. (155) Ed 1 Bear Run No. 2 mine. (156) He13 Small mine, 


Brookville or A coal. 


It is not known whether the coal.so designated here should be con- 
sidered as representative of the Brookville or the Clarion coal. It 
is exposed over a considerable area in the Newtonburg and Glen 
Campbell districts, and although apparently of rather poor quality is 
usually of workable thickness. As very few drill holes have reached 
this horizon it is not known how generally this coal may be workable 
over the quadrangle. As a rule-it has partings, and locally carries 
thin benches of beny coal. Shale immediately overlies the coal. in 
most places but is generally very thin and overlain in turn by the 
massive Clarion sandstone. Under the coal, is from three to six feet 
of sandy clay. 





FIGURE 14. Sections of Mercer coals. (157) IHe6 outcrop in quarry (Upper 
Mercer). (158) Ic6 in quarry near MeGees Station (uncertain) (Upper Mercer). 
(159) Fes outerop (Lower Mercer), 


Mercer coals. 

Mercer coals were seen only in the area about McGees. None of 
the sections were clear cut and reliable. The two coals show in a 
‘avine half a mile west of McGees Station where the section is: coal, 
(Upper Mercer). 22 inches+; clay,?; shale, 2 feet; sandstone, even 
bedded, 3 feet; shale, with lines of sandstone lenses, 10 feet; shale, 
drab, 10 feet; coal, about 2 feet; shale, dark drab, 2 feet. The Mercer 
coal in nearby areas has little value and little can be expected of these 
beds. 


48 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
Chemical character of coals. 


The table which follows gives analyses of samples taken from the 
large mines of this district. The samples were obtained in accordance 
with the usual method of sampling adopted by the U. 8. Bureau of 
Mines, that is, by making a cut from the roof to the floor across the 
fresh face of the bed, rejecting the partings thrown out in mining. 
After the samples had been pulverized and quartered down, they were 
sealed in galvanized cans and sent to the laboratory of the U. S. Bu- 
reau of Mines for analysis. 

Complete analyses of these coals are given in Bituminous Coal 
Fields of Pennsylvania, Part IV, Coal Analyses, published by the 
Pennsylvania Geological Survey in 1925. 


Analyses of coal mine samples. 









































Vola- | Fixed Fuel 
Location, name of bed. Mois- tile ear- | Ash Sul- | value 
ture | matter} bon | phur | B.t.u. 
Clearfield County. 
McGees ‘Mills, Butter Ball mine, Middle Kittan- 
ning bed. --..- ple ial pyar o eee ELAN gl a 22 2.8 26.8 58.0 12.4 5.1 13,050 
MecGees Mills, Sherwood mine, Upper Kittan- 
ning £bed 7 eee ae ee ee ON A Po de 5.6 26.0 60.3 8.1 1.3 13, 280 
Indiana County. 
Gypsy, = mile south of; Trojan mine, Lower 
HPreeport bed. oe ee eee Dee eeeeg 31.0 60.5 5.6 2.2 14,190 
Glen Campbell;' Electric No, 8 mine, Lower Free- 
port bed, (composite of 2 Samples) __-_-_______-_ 2.6 QTL 60.5 9.8 1.6 13,380 
Glen Campbell; Glenwood No. 9 mine, Lower 
Preeport hed ok eels aes eee Re ae LN 3.3 23.4 67.6. ja bt 9 14,260 
Glen Campbell; 1 mile east of; Falcon No. 8 
mine, Middle, Kittanning béds 222-2) oo eee 2.8 26.0 61.9 9.3 1.8 13,500 
Glen Campbell; Faleon No. 9 mine, Lower 
ree DOLE MDC ge eee i cone tare Soe eae eee 3.0 26.1 58.5 12.4 250. 12,960 
Glen Campbell, 2 miles northeast of, on Horton 
Run; Indiana No. 2 mine, Lower Kittanning 
DGG sip Pee ee ee es eee see ee eS 3.4 24.0 65.9 6.7 Mk 14,150 
Glen Campbell; Indiana No. 3 mine, Upper 
Preenortabedwe erty a ee a ee The O76 ees 9.0 1.6 | 13,870 
Glen Campbell; Indiana No. 6 mine, Upper 
Freeport sped taaemeen eee ne ac ale oO 26.9 61.7 BED. | 2 13,720 
Locust, % mile south of; Locust mine, Upper 
Freeport bed (composite of 2 samples). -------- Sa 31.0 57.0 8.8 | 3.1 13,530 
i | 
Jefierson County. 
Big Run, McClure mine, Upper Freeort bed. | 
(composite of 3 samples). --------.------------- 3.1 | 30.6 | 69.3 70 | 1.6 | 18,890 
Punxsutawney, 1 mile south of; Williams Run 
No. 1 mine, Lower Freeport bed (composite of | : 
$ Samples). <------.. -- oe ee ee | ed 32.9 59.2 5.2 cy | 14,180 
Hillman, 2 miles east of; Arthur mine, Upper 
Freeport bed (composite of 2 samples). ------| 3.9 29.0 58.6 Sh7 pede 13,400 











As shown by the analyses the coal in this quadrangle is a “medium 
volatile” coal. According to the writer’s classification it is a ‘“midvol 
coal” or “coal 63,” that is a coal having between 63 and 70 per cent 


COAL ANALYSES 1 49 


-of fixed carbon on the ash-free basis, including moisture. The analy- 
Ses given are “as received.” These coals are low in moisture, general- 
ly low in ash; sulphur is variable. In grade some of this coal would 
pass as “superior” (less than 8 per cent ash and 1 per cent sulphur) 
according to the writer’s classification, and most of the coal would 
pass as “good” (8 to 12 per cent ash, 1 to 114 per cent sulphur). 

For the sake of comparison, analyses are given of some of the other 
eastern high grade coals with which this coal is in competition. 
These are not individual analyses but approximate average figures. 


Analyses of coal from competing fields. 


SS OOOO — eee 


a — — — ————E—EEE— ee Ee SEE = 2 
| f 




















: "Mitctiwe | Volatile Fixed | ; 

Fields Moisture ter neehion® 2 Ash 
Moshannon,) Cleartieldia@onwe 2-22 ae eee 3.0 20.5 69.0 7.5 
Barnesboro-Pattom, Oambria Oo. ---2--2--_-22-2--. 3.0 22.0 67.0 8.0 
JONNStown.., Cambrial Comes s 26 se ane oe eee 3.5 15.5: 71.5 9.5 
Windber, Cambria-Somerset Cos: __--_-_--------_- 3.0 14.0 ASAD, 8.0 
Westmoreland 4122222. See ee eee ee eee ee 2.5 30.0 58.5 9.0 
Pittsburgh) Alletheny: {Cos 220s ee eee ee eee ee 2.5 33.0) 58.5 5.0 
Connellsville en ee Se ere ee hss 3.0) | 28.5 60.5 8.0 
Géorgreés? Orecics Md 2) eee ee ee 3.0 16.0 73.0 | 8.0 
New. Rivers Whi ¥ 82 ee se Reh Sant Se Cem sath £059 | 17.5 74.5 | 4.0 
Pocahontas ew. © Vi de= Nadie eee eee ee ce tee Se 14.5 78.0 4.0 





It must be realized that these figures are generalized and that the 
coals in these several fields differ from bed to bed and from one part 
of a field to another, just as the analyses of the Upper and Lower 
Freeport of this field differ. In general it may be observed that the 
coals of this quadrangle are intermediate between the so-called smoke- 
less coals of the eastern edge of the coal field and the more bitumi- 
nous coals of the Pittsburgh and Ohio regions. The figures tell their 
own story and the reader may draw his own conclusions. 

These coals have been found by actual use to be good coking and 
steam coals. Much of this coal that is not coked is shipped to the 
northeast to New York and New England as a high grade steaming 
coal. 


CLAY AND SHALE 
Kinds of clay. 


Three kinds of clay occur in the Punxsutawney quadrangle: first, 
the clay underlying the coal beds; second, flint clay; and third, alluvi- 
al clay, found in the stream valleys where it has been deposited as 
mud by flood waters. 

Underclay.—As is well known, all the coal beds of this region are 
underlain with clay which may range in thickness from a few inches 


4b 


a ia / 


50 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


to 6 or 8 feet. The top of this clay immediately under the coal is | 
usually quite pure and lacking in sand or other extraneous material, 
but the lower part of the bed commonly shows an increasing percent- 
age of sand or impurity toward the bottom. The underclay is general- 
ly more refractory than clay resulting from the weathering of shale. 
In some places the underclay is sufficiently refractory to serve in the 
manufacture of tirebrick or at least in mixtures with flint clay. 

Flint clay—F lint clay is a non-plastic rock having the chemical 
composition of a pure clay or kaolin. It occurs usually as beds or 

















ae Sn _ 
| 34 Burnside 
aa 


Dae 

















UPPER FREEPORT AND LOWER KIT TANNING GLAYS 
AND APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF GLAY SECTIONS 


FIGURE 15. 


_—— 


CLAY 51 


irregular lenses in other clays, especially in certain of the underclays, 
though in this quadrangle, as elsewhere, it sometimes occurs in the 
middle of a shale series. It takes its name from the fact that it is so 
hard, as to ring like Hmestone under blows of a hammer and breaks 
in fragments with sharp edges, like the fracture of flint that the 
Indians used for arrow heads. The occurrence and character of flint 
clay was described by the writer in some detail in the report of the 
Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission of Pennsylvania, 
1906-1968, p. 318 and following. 

Alluvial clay.—Alluvial clay is the common material for making 
building brick. It is found along all large streams and many small 
streams, both-in the bottom lands and terraces. It consists of partly 
consolidated mud with a varying admixture of sand. It is plastic, 
varies in color, composition, and other characters. The alluvial de- 
posits on the flood plains of MahoningCreek, Canoe Creek, and West 
Branch of Susquehanna River probably contain clay suitable for 
making common brick and tile. This clay is not utilized at present. 


Distribution of clays. 


The underclays have the same position on the map (fig. 15) as the 
coal beds. Less data are available on the clays than on the 
coal, as the underclays were not being worked at any point in the 
quadrangle, and their thickness and character were observed only 
here and there where exposed in the drainage ditch of a mine. The 
clays under the coals average about three or four feet in thickness, 
and are of better quality toward the top. 

A comparison of these sections (figures 16, 17, and 18) shows that 
the Lower Kittanning clay has the greatest actual and average thick- 
ness, ranging up to 12 feet or more. If this clay has the same quality 
here as in other areas it will prove superior to the others. In most 
of the quadrangle this clay must be mined by shaft. Many of the 
sections given are from diamond drill records. The approximate 
locations of all sections are shown on the sketch map, figure 15, which 
indicates the outcrops of both the Upper Freeport clay and Lower 
Kittanning clay. The Lower Kittanning clay is used extensively 
in other regions for the production of a variety of clay products, 
including tile, and for mixing with flint clay to give plasticity. 

The Upper Freeport clay (sections 1 - 22) ranks second in thickness 
and probably in quality. Its line of outcrop is long, so that over much 
of the quadrangle the clay could be mined by drifting. The clays un- 
der the other coal beds are of variable thickness, in places reaching 
S or 10 feet, but in general thinner than the two beds previously 
mentioned, All of these beds are worthy of testing in places. 


52 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 












hl 
l| 
1 


20 (4) ée 


i 
nh 





Walt 
st 





| 
l 


















ANAK 
na 





| 
i 





Siem tas 


Upper Freeport 


co 24 ao cé6 an, 28 ete | 30 3} Be 33 34 





| 






| 





| A 


i, 





re 
a 





itt 


||! 
til 






| 
I 


i 





ly [yl 
; wit 


ul 
rl 





Lower Freeport 


FIGURE 16. Columnar sections of Upper (1-22) and Lower 23-35) Fteeport 
clay beds in the Punxsutawney quicrangle. The location of the sveral sections 
is indicated approximately by the sketch map, figure 15. Most of the seetions are 

- from drill holes. 


ca teil 


36 37 38 39 40 





FIGURE 17. Columnar sections of Upper and Middle Nittanning clay beds: in 
the Punxsutawney quadrangle. The location of the several sections is indicated 
approximately by the sketch map, figure 15. Most of the sections are from drill 
holes. 


Seattered fragments of flint clay were seen at many points over 
the quadrangle, but at no point was a bed of flint clay of workable 
thickness seen in place. These scattered fragments give no basis 
either for considering the clay as workable or for condemning it. 
All the flint clay of the quadrangle appears at one or another of 
four horizons: (1), in the interval, between the E coal and the Ma- 
honing coal; (2), directly under the E coal; (3), under the B coal; 
and (4), at the Mercer horizon, which is believed to correspond with 
the position of the Mt. Savage fireclay of Maryland and most of the 
valuable fireclays of Clearfield County. 


| Smooth, fine-grained, olive shales usually occur in the interval 
between the E coal and the Mahoning coal. In places these tend to 
have the structure of flint clay, being hard and brittle, and in many 
places they actually grade over into flint clay of low grade. In the 
Johnstown quadrangle clay at this horizon is exposed abundantly 
near Wehrum and has been called the Wehrum fiint clay. It has 
been mined upon a very small scale in several places, though not in 
this quadrangle, and as far as the writer knows, without financial 
success. As a rule the flint clay at this horizon contains too much 
iron, 


2 


The flint clay occurring immediately below the FE coal is believed 
to be the same as the Bolivar flint clay. This latter is immediately 
below the limestone which underlies the underclay of the FE coal. 
Among the places where clay was seen at this horizon are six local- 
ities (Af 3, Ae9, Bd5, Bf4, Cel, and Ce5) shown on the map (Plate 
AU yh 


54 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


ny 
Mi 


u 


Hil 
ili! 


iat 
sil nly 
a 
8 
A 
fob) 


41 46 A7 48 49 50 5 





mn 
Hyiq ly 
aN 
NN 
ISS 
Ol 


1] 
} 


it 



















a eS 
igs f 


MW 
| 





[1 

byt! 
rt 
li 
Willy 







Hy ly! 






































= Ba ie =e 
=) EE] £&] 6 = rae 
=e == ey = i pig 
ai |=) Ee ES] ce ES = 
ee er ee piles (Sa s 
=] ES] € ce E& = 





HN 
| 


ily 
| 

| 

| 

| 








Eel 


Se 53 54 










| 
| 


| 





nh 
ty! 


| 
| 






| 
| 
| 





FIGURE 18. Columnar sections of Lower Kittanning (41-54) and Brookville 
(55-61) clay beds in the Punxsutawney quadrangle. The location of the several 
sections is indicated approximately by the sketch map, figure 15. Most of the sec- 
tions are from drill holes. 


"| antl 


FLINT CLAY 


1 
Cr 





Rossiter 





i 
} 
\ 
| 
I 
J 
( 
| 
l 


|_38 ee scompbs Wi g 
4 re <Boberts ille Ds 

¢ 
Cc 











Richfnond=— 4 > 7H - KS ae See 2 : | 
f ix JO | i a ae | Burnside 
Xi2 At, 7, \, | 

fwNashville | | Wierd 
: G dl = Wilgus | Riek gee | 
ee CR a 
EastRun ‘g 


[ sSettysburg ST 


SKETCH MAP SHOWING APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF 
OUTCROPS OF FLINT GLAY 


NO. HORIZON NO. HORIZON NO. HORIZON 
! = Clarion 6 Clarion I! Wehrem 
2@ Mercer 7 Clarion Il@ Wehrem 
3 Clarion 8 Upper Freeport [3 Wehrem 
4. Clarion 9 UpperFreeport 14 Wehrem 
5 Clarion 10 Upper Kittanning 15 Wehrem 


FIGURE 19. 


The flint clay underlying the B coal is supposed to correlate with 
the flint clay found so abundantly in Clarion County and occurring 
in the streets of ‘the town of Clarion. Flint clay at that horizon was 
Seen at Map stations Bed, Ddl and 3, and elsewhere. At Ad8, flint 


ae 


56 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


clay was found at this horizon intermingled with sandstone and of 
course worthless. Whether the flint clay at any of these horizons 
is of any value must be determined by prospecting. - Flint clay at the 
Mercer horizon was seen at only one point, along the railroad track 
just above the station at Sidney. 


Shale. 


Although no shale was seen in the quadrangle that at once suggest- 
ed itself as especially suitable for the manufacture of paving brick 
or other clay products, nevertheless much shale between the several 
coal beds appears to be fairly suitable for that use. Certain shales 
in the Conemaugh group may be usable. The shales between the HE 
or Upper Freeport coal and the position of the Mahoning coal are 
fine grained and argillaceous, and the shales overlying the Brush 
Creek coal, though usually sandy, would locally seem to be fairly 
well suited for the: manufacture of paving brick. These shales are 
being used at one or two points near Punxsutawney for the manufac- 
ture of paving brick. Most of the shales of the Allegheny group in this 
area are fairly sandy, as a rule too much so for the manufacture of 
fine brick, though doubtless well suited for the manufacture of 
ordinary building brick. As the shales are common all through the 
eroup, it follows that they are abundantly distributed all over the 
quadrangle and it is hardly necessary to call attention to special 
localities. 

LIMESTONE 
Limestone horizons. 

The limestones of the Punxsutawney quadrangle occur at two 
horizons in the Allegheny group and apparently three horizons in the 
Conemaugh. 

- The limestones in the Conemaugh occur at the following elevations 
above the Upper Freeport cr E coal: 


Pa 
Mahone amestane).... .). 1 pave emcee... aie 50-70 
Brushg@reevalmestone:..:..', depen oe 100-120 
W ood Sue anestone f°... oe i 220-240 
Ames ini@stei ewe i... .. co eed Ml 


The Upper Freeport limestone, which occurs from 1 to 20 feet be- 
low the Upper Freeport or I coal, is apparently the most persistent 
and much the most widespread. It shows a thickness of 1 to 10 feet 
or possibly more. Sections 14 and 19, figure 22, reported from wells 
by the Second Geological Survey, may not be reliable. Certainly 


such thicknesses as 15 and 21 feet are not common elsewhere. 


—— , 


LIMESTONE ies BT 


MC Pe RO aes ah 
\ 
Wedrian 
\ ! | 
et . 
y Ni 
| i ec 
au nt “ Re, 





YA is “ , 
Ziv Neghss Se KP Nee io i 


Newton burg 
26 Soret ? 





ais 








/ yet 
\ A of PNashvillle 
| 0 , \ 
Hil Cyn ee 7 Wilgus | Arcadia 
| MONAGOMERY 
wy ohh sare Sy 








24h 
| | L\ H ‘ cal : 

+ Rd 
: [ ate er ee 
SKETGH MAP SHOWING APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF 
LIMESTONE SECTIONS 


A Limestone outcrop-no section 








FIGURE 20. 


The Vanport limestone, which occurs some 30 feet below the Lower 
Kittanning or B coal, was found in this quadrangle only near Rich- 
mond. There it is a high-grade, white limestone. That it occurs 
elsewhere in the quadrangle is to be expected, especially north of 
Richmond. 


gs pile 





62 
= 
O 
os 
re) 
7 
a 
CG 
oe 
ea] 
4 
iS 
a 
= Tt 
TM 
4 
ZA 
13) 09) 
jal 
TAR AAA THAR AA TARA 
— fn SHH HHH 
io@) 
Ye) 








Woods Run Pine Creek 
Limestone Limestone 


‘Ames Limestone 


’ 


le 





Mahoning Limestone 


roup in the Punxsu- 


Sections of limestone beds of Conemaugh g 


”) 


FIGURE 


district. 


tawney 


—_ 


59 


LIMESTONE 


i 
Oo 
= lr 











144. 





6” 


itteetntndatiy 





iS 


= 


I 








7? wy) 

















HL 














Se 


18 


16 


2) 





N 














lial 
ret 


i} 

















Hie 


statadytalaljlali tal talititil 
a ete telltale 
yt 


sat) 








HAARAARAA 
Iatedatylptadg tal 

































iL 














sii 
HHH 


Lr] 
nn 


HAHA H HAHA 
Mee a ee peat ated gt geatl 






ee Sepa ptod) (bedi bend Geel bel Pca ic dell H|,! 
HAAR 


9 
m) 


GO Ms 
Sto) 





> REED 














eo 


ae 


al 


R 
Sec 3 
FAA 
Pe 
I 


[HA HH} HH ARRAS 
HEATH 


> ~ 
~ 


9 











ctions of Upper Freeport limestone in the Punxsutawney quad- 


VIGURE 22. Se 


rangle. 


se 


60 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


27 28. 29 















iil 
















HHH 
nil 
LL 


it 


eoayeo" aay" et 





Hi 
i 
1 





i 


il 
uf 


i 







ii 
L 


| 





| 


FIGURE 23. Sections of Vanport limestone in the Punxsutawney quadrangle. 


Analyses. 
The report of the Second Pennsylvania Survey for Indiana County 
gives analyses of two of these limestones, the Vanport and Upper 
Freeport.’ 


Analysis of Vanport limestone near Richmond. 


Calcium: Carbonate: g.% succes gums > siete cit Renee 92.857 
Maonesium: carbonate? 427.8. ne cree eee 1.589 
Jroniand aluniin mm :OXId@g. ea «oe ee 2.0380 
SuUlpha pind. cctils Sele ies he aang eee een eee oa 187 
Phosphorus Wigiet cia sce oer einen Naan eae 35 
Insoluble, residue o0 . ae be eee ees 2.090 


From this analysis the Vanport limestone may be assumed to have 
the same high grade that it has in a large area to the west and north- 
west, and to be available for the same purposes,—cement making, iron 
smelting, and lime. 

The analyses of three layers of the Upper Freeport limestone from 
an exposure 114 miles southwest from Smithport are given next. The 


eg consists of three layers, the upper and lower of which are 


= 


each 2 feet 6 inches thick and the middle layer one foot thick, separ- 
ated by clay bands from 1 to 12 inches thick. The first analysis is 
of the upper 30 inch bed of limestone. 


Analysis of upper bench of Upper Freeport limestone near Smithport. 


Lime Cari Oia « . + 6 eos SNEED) 0's. ae | La. 
Magnesiumpearponalie ..) eee. . oe 16.883 
Iron carbonation... . cca eae. Cee 8.078 
Alumina eae... . ey mate os, ae : 4.360 
Sulphur, oi eseeemeemeer!). .....)ccnreee 2 a2 2 .056 
Phosphorus. ye aaa - = 4c ane RRS Ghana .056 
Insoluble: residthemamaey « . ...\suueldl cnn. beer) eee 32.790 


Platt, W. G., Report of progress in Indiana County: Pemnsyivania Second Geol. Survey, 
Report HHH, pp. 260-264, 1878. 


SANDSTONE | Aya 


This layer of limestone, or dolomitic sandstone, as indicated by 
the analysis, would not make a good lime, nor would it be suitable 
for the manufacture of Portland cement or for the reduction of iron. 
It is a light gray in color, compact and very hard, and when burned 
does not calcine and slack into lime. The other two layers gave the 
following analysis: 


Analysis of middle and lower benches of Upper Freeport limestone 
near Smithport. 


| Lime: carbonate tiny meget ker ane, ree ea 98.750 
Masnesium. Carbomatewy a elie renee 16.005 
Tron-and,.aluminwmroxsidees 2.05 sean hee 7.380 
SGI HUr . . i eben tea e paar a eerarae ae ae, O41 
PHOSPIOLUS Se rate ut ee enna eee MeO cee. 2s O85 
Insoluble residue ...... eget Dey eral a yas « 15.060 


While these three analyses may not be quite representative it is 
believed that they exhibit well the difference in quality of the Van- 
port and Upper Freeport limestone, as judged by other analyses of the 
same limestones elsewhere. In other words, the Vanport limestone 
is likely to be high grade limestone of commercial importance and 
the Upper Freeport limestone, while often in part or in whole suit- 
able for burning for agricultural lime, is not as a rule sufficiently 
pure for the higher uses of lime. 


SANDSTONE 


Although no high grade sandstone was seen in the Punxsutawney 
quadrangle, sandstones occur at several horizons that have been found 
suitable for rough structural work such as bridge abutments, etc. The 
most promising sandstones are at two horizons, one in the lower part 
of the Allegheny and the other in the lower part of the Co1emaugh 
group. The Pottsville sandstones as exposed in this quadrangle do 
not give promise of being of value. The Homewood sandstone out- 
crops around McGees Mills and up Bear Run but nowhere makes 
prominent cliffs or gives other evidence of being suited for structural 
uses. Where seen it is a light brown to light drab sandstone of me- 
dium grain. It outcrops also in Little Mahoning Creek above Rich- 
mond, but was not seen, owing to the large quantity of debris coming 
down from the Clarion sandstone higher on the slopes. 

The Clarion sandstone, close to the base of the Allegheny group, 
iS a massive sandstone over ‘a considerable area north and northwest 
of McGees Mills and east of Richmond. Large structural stones have 


62 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


been quarried a short distance west of McGees Mills and shipped 
away, and large fragments were ground at McGees Mills for building 
sand, The Clarion sandstone about 40 feet thick shows boldly in the 
railroad cuts where the New York Central crosses over the Penn- 
sylvania and Northwestern division of the Pennsylvania Railroad at 








SKETCH MAP SHOW 





cf b > rae : ‘ 2 & i] Li) w 
ANY ete Seareasdy co YN 
| i INDIANA CO: ys SBOM 

< oO 





MS 
N) 
ks Ska : A 
CaN ao” UR belts ilie $ A 
| OP RichMmard Weert lee To ey treed ag yf 
QV al EF 5 
| Vay | Seog RRornside 
‘ 0 alt aS oa LE 
Saw) £4 = 4 
y =’ ! i ae, wees 
| of oN hvitlle Wr z 
1 | \ Ay % 
I a) R ay 
1 & R i WN Wi BUS ee 
as 2zQ | ra) 
jie ~~ iS 
~\Ea st Ruln eg 
| | geet oe 














MASSIVE SANDSTONE 


Massive phase of Saltsburg sandstone 
Massive phase of Upper Mahoning sandstone 
Massive phase of Clarion sandstone 


Areas of massive sandstone of limited extent 


FIGURE 24. 


SANDSTONE | 62 


McGees Mills. It is a light-brown, irregular bedded sandstone, con- 
glomeratic toward the bottom but becoming shaly and softer toward 
the top. It keeps above drainage up Whiskey Run and the tributaries 
of Whiskey Run and Bear Run, and the other streams entering Sus- 
quehanna River near McGees Mills. 


The same sandstone is prominent around Richmond in Grant and 
Canoe townships. It dips below Little Mahoning Creek between 
Richmond and Savan, the town of Richmond being built on its surface. 
From there the rise of the rocks to the east carries it up, so that it 
outcrops as a prominent cliff around the crest of the slope where 
Beach Run and Barnett Run unite on the south side of the creek 
opposite Enterprise. The only other prominent sandstone noticed in 
the Allegheny groun was the Freenort sandstone that caps the hills 
over a large area in the center of the quadrangle. 


About 50 to 70 feet above the base of the Conemaugh group is the 
hase of a massive sandstone that outcrops over a large area in Gaskill 
and Bell townships in Jefferson County and in Bell township of 
Clearfield County. It is 30 to 40 feet thick and is overlain bv a 'thin- 
ner bedded, less massive sandstone. Tt crops out on Mahoning Creek, 
a, short: distance west of Cloe post office, rises eastward ‘to the crest 
of the upland around. Winslow nost office and continues to form the 
crest of the hill eastward past Newtonbure and northeastward into 
the Curwensville quadrangle. Over most of this area, though it does 
not form cliffs, the sandstone sunplies a mantle of large blocks that 
strew the surface of the upland and the valley slones. It is not being 
quarried at present. probably hecause of its position on the ton of the 
hills. while the railroads are mainly in the valleys. Part of the sand- 
stone is too conglomeratic to be of great value, but a careful search 
will doubtless reveal many areas of stone well suited for use in bridge 
building and other rough structural work. The same sandstone is 
massive and outcrops at many other places, at one of which two miles 
north of Glen Campbell, a small quarry has been worked. 


Higher in the Conemaugh are at least three sandstones which may 
locally prove of commercial value. One of these has its ton about 200 
feet above the base of the Conemaugh or the top of the Upper Free- 
port coal. This sandstone is conglomeratic and massive on the hill- 
top just southwest of Savan, on the hill just southwest of Rossiter, 
around the slone just northwest of -Tunean, and elsewhere, About 280 
feet ahove the Upner Freeport coal is a sandstone that is quite mas- 
sive around Hillsdale and along the ridge to Bowdertown and to the 
northeast, and on the ridge east of the West Branch of. Susquehanna 
River in Burnside township of Clearfield County. Some 80 feet higher 
in the same gencral region is the top of another sandstone. Both of 


64 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


these sandstones, though not seen in cliffs or other bare out- 
crops, in places yield quantities of large-sized boulders that suggest 
their availability for rough structural uses, 


/ 


OIL AND GAS. 


Between 60 and 70 wells have been drilled for oi] and gas in this 
quadrangle. Some of these, especially in the area between Juneau 
and Punxsutawney, struck enough gas to justify piping to Punxsu- 
tawney. Most of these wells start in the Conemaugh, and obtain 
their gas mainly from two horizons, one about 1000 feet below the 
Upper Freeport coal and the other about 2550 feet below the Upper 
Freeport coal. The upper sand may represent the Berea and the lower 
one of the Devonian sands about in the position of the Speechley or 
Tiona. The Fifth sand gave “shows” of gas in some of the wells. 
The Berea sand, assuming the first sand to correlate with that sand- 
stone, is from 1100 to over 1300 feet below the surface in the field near 
Juneau. The pay sand is from 2 to 50 feet thick. In some wells the 
gas seemed to come mostly out of the top of the sand. In others the 
volume increased with depth in the sand. In some wells no gas 
sand was found, in others as much as 50 feet of gas-yielding rock was 
passed through. As a rule, the gas sand has a thickness of 15 to 30 
feet. Some of the wells got barely gas enough to light, and others 
had an initial pressure of as much as 425 pounds. In the well hav- 
ing the highest pressure the gas blew itself out in two months. The 
best wells showed from 40 to 300 pounds pressure. The wells which 
struck no gas sand or gas, or only little gas, were abandoned at once. 
Some produced for a year or two, others were still producing in 1905. 
The field was drilled between 1887 and 1900. One well in this 
group of old wells was still producing in May 1925. 

A few feet above the “Gas sand” occurs the “Salt sand” which 
yielded a little gas in a few wells. Gas in one or two wells was 
thought to come from the 100 foot sand. 

A number of the wells drilled from 2700 to 2900 feet deep, found 
a productive sand 10 to 30 feet thick at 2620 to 2850 feet in depth. 
This sand is 1500 to 1600 feet below the first productive sand, and is 
thought to be about in the position of the Speechley or Tiona sand. 


It is usually a hard white sandstone, and the gas coming from it’ 


had an initial pressure of 15 to 140 pounds. 


Examination of the structure map shows that this area northwest. 


of Juneau represents a slightly domed bench on the northwest side 
of the principal anticline in the quadrangle. The fact that gas has 
been found there suggested many years ago that drilling on the crest 
of the anticline might also find gas. Since 1905 further drilling has 


eee 


geen are 


[ Sa “ener egg rere ae 


OIL AND GAS 65 


included wells on the broad crest of the anticline running from a 
few miles south to the northeast corner of the Punxsutawney quad- 
rangle along the crest of the ridge north of Newtonburg, past the 
northeast corner of Indiana County, south of Johnsonburg, through 
Smithport, west of Gipsy, west of Wilgus, and leaving the quad- 
rangle near East Run. Well number 51 on Plate III is reported to 
have shown 60,000 cubic feet of gas. Other wells on the anticline 
are reported as dry. At the same time it might be worth while to 
try out the Kinter Hill anticline, running from a mile or so north 
of the southwest corner of the quadrangle, northeast through the 
center of Kinter Hill and on across Little Mahoning Creek near 
the mouth of Rishell Run. The flanks of the broad anticline which 
follows about ‘the direction given of the synclines on either side 
have proved gas-bearing at several places as shown on_ the 
map, though a majority of holes in this area have proved 
to be dry or to give only a show of gas. It should be understood 
that this area appears to be outside of the oil region, as the eastern- 
most oil wells lie west of a northeast-southwest line which crosses 
the Clarion and Kittanning quadrangles. Past experience indicates 
that no oil should be anticipated in this region. 

The following table, furnished by the T. W. Phillips Gas & Oil 
Company (formerly Mahoning Gas & Heat Co.), is a summary of the 
results of borings in the Juneau field in the Punxsutawney quad- 
rangle ag of 1905. 


5b 


No. of 
well. 


oe oo ho eH 


14 


15 
16 


BSS 


29 
30 





During the last 20 years much additional drilling has been done 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Gas wells in the Punxsutawney quadrangle. 








Year 
Year | aban- 
drilled.| doned. 
1887 | 18902 
1889 1890: 
1889) 1892 
SOO) Mises ee 
po EAs aid 1903 
Leo See 
1904. Vo eee 
fpl892:1 0) eee 
| 1804.) 28s, ae 
}S08 tal See 
1804 Sisco 
1804" ||. 2ae=- 
SOC al sae 
1806 S22 eee 
1895 1895 
1896 1807 
1897 1897 
1897 1897 
1897 1897 
A809 a eon 
TLROS pple omers: & 
1g99 | i899 
1809 “jes22 22 
$1900 au a" 
1O00 Meee sees 
Se eee ee ed aa 








Cilas- 
ing. 





ae ee 











No. of 
sand. 


First ___ 
Third___ 
ieee 


Second - 
Hirstess— 


First --- 


Birst = 
BITStG on! 


First --- 


Third_-- 
Awonhyoh = 


M@bird 222 


Third__. 
First _.- 


First --- 
Hirst == 
First --- 
First --- 


First _.. 


First —__ 
First -_- 





=——— —— — 


1,166 
7,115 
1, 2033 


1,975 
1, 242 


1,122 


1,153 
1,231 


1,102 


2,8382 
2,964 








Thick-|Depth 
ness |tobot- 
of |tomof 
sand.| well. 
Feet Feet. 
Re 2.,680: 
10: 2:,'720 
15 2,828 
ee rhe 2,814 
Rpm pend Dele TELE 
18 | 2,790: 
Bes em 2.907 
24 1,200 
80° | 2,70 
BAM Eee 2,000 
49 | 1,2973 
26% | 1,154 
87 | 1,190 
2 11,311 
20° | 11,2433 
22 =| 2,858 
10+| 2,877 
pte, $k ee 2,933 
17 | 2,885 
Pre Fe 1,242 
Soe a 220 
petal cede 1,170 
@) | SEBS 
29-+4- | 1,272 
pica te pe 1,301 
15 | 1,188 
eee 400 
ee 2,000 
Se ee aL BUA 











= 








Initial pressure. 
Pounds 
per : 
square| Time. 
inch. 
15 Va ee 
40 | 30 min__ 
140 | 2 days_- 
115 | 5 min__ 
"310 | 24 rs —- 
145 | 24 hrs __ 
45 | See 





wa ee ee ee ee 











——$——$—<—<$——$—$—$—————— 





Notes. 


Not good; sand 
hard and close. 


No gas; 
sand. 
Very hard white 
sand. 

Dry sand, hard, 
close, black.. 


no gas 


Cased to 
700 feet. 

No gas. 

Small amount of 


gas. 
Gas at 675 and 80 
feet. 


Gas at top of 
“Salt’’ gand 
threw water 
over top of 
derrick at ‘in- 
tervals for 3 or 
4 days. 

Just gas enough 
to light. 


Gas inereased 
from 2,864 to 
2,874 feet, the 
gas being on 
top of sand, as 
in Nos. 4, 6 and 
15. 

No gas sand; no 
gas. 


about 


No gas sand or 
gas. 

No gas or sand. 

Good well. 


Most gas at 1,256 
feet. 

Dry. 

Small well, better 
than No. 22 or 
23; not equal to 
No. 21. 

Very little gas. 


Gas blew out in 


2 months. 





in the quadrangle. Some of this drilling is still in progress, notably 
on Clover Run where Mr. F. C. Deemer of Brookville is drilling a 
well that in Feb. 1926, was more than 6955 feet deep. 

Through the courtesy of the T. W. Phillips Gas and Oil Company 
and others, the approximate locations of the drill holes outside of 


a ee ie 


—_ 


GAS AND IRON 


67 


the Juneau pool are shown and some notes given. This may not in- 
clude all the wells that have been drilled. 


Additional gas wells in Punasutawney quadrangle. 




















Farm or epee 
Company , | Feet 

31.01 W.. ©. Macek, — [SS eee rasa g | pee nae 
325. | OS® .Oary, --- 2-2-2 seeee eee ee 
Soo NDS) Wh? One. <2 22 eee eee er ee eee a 
Ste Ree, NOert;s | ==-54seeee oe 1,365 
35. | Franeis (D, -Pringle;seeae=sen ees Se 
36. | ‘Mary A." Strope, 22322222 2se a eee cee Se 
37. 1 Wie Ha White, 3.22 oeeeeeeeen A 
1,065 

Soe |). Ga North” Novesuee an 
3,100 

30. | E. G. North No. T30-2-222-— reek hae 
AOL Sa Sia teh). o NOFGW yee emeasen yee 
ta | ae ele poe le 3 | eee ener cs Ske Lite, 
sR S| esti ea ee EB Lt Aes Lg Pate rey 8 
BS rl Se ees i ee eo ee 
AGS reel age eran See See einen en as {We So PRES ee 
ABO As “Wis Weaver; os sites se cee 2,050 
4G. SUE Wines ID Piper, sac2- sea dee> 3,170 
47> | Woe O. Deemer jl cae ee ee eae 
48. | He Ole Deemeare. see Sane aoe eas 
4105) (ATiogss Mee Ervin yh eee paras Lo ee 
50.°| Madeira) Hill @oal%Goc,. <222)\ 22-32 ee 
Sil vie) eee ARENT Line eee ee eee renee ee 
52: |p Ree a a ee aA ee See ty | ae eee 
Soa) ee CE 2 a ee Bn meee lets Mle ede st 
OA SC ae en 2 eee ee Se ee er eC SS) 
Ste | MIE ek, Be tee OE | Alby ar Nal 5 (ss Os Re eee 
EO) ge Were eae Eat Ng Sa Re en Cope ieee ee ee 
Biden ee Ghai ktl Gates eee = ms ene eee ye te RE 
bese EV Garter ee ne 800) 
OSE IE COG aint Re se ea ek eee oe | Soe ee 
COCR ISGASUlC ge eek eee eee ee SS 
ies NO RSUTC nee ae caren re eee Ca omen ree 
Gre cee ere ees = eS, ee RES Se es Se 
63. | Luella Oberlin, -~--.----.. eet | meee ec eerse 
Aa ca ae Mop evn es ee eee Ca eee 
Gopal teen OUI Gee mee eee rs oe 


OS aS 





Thiekness Total 
of sand. depth. Notes 
Feet Feet 
St oes ee 1,660+- | Producer 
Sh eS ae 3,360 Producer 
= Ry date MN 1,,630 Producer 
10 3,446 Producer 
100 ft. sand 
155 ies SS 3,516 Producer 
ee ee oe 3,430 Producer 
ENS 5, 1,855 Producer 
DOs \ sweeten. See ee 
26 3,330 Producer 
Peewee 3,840 Producer 
Gas at 1065, 
1423 and 3100.. 


= ab -- ee 


Se = Se ee 


— oe ee et 


ee SE Se 


he ee ee ee 











IRON 


Dry j 
Producing 

Old, abandoned 
Old, abandoned 
Old, abandoned 


Dry, little gas in 
Warren. 

Dry, little gas 
Drilling, May, 1925 
Dry 

Show of gas 

Dry 

60,000 cu. ft. 
Dry 

94,000 cu. ft. 
Dry 

Dry 

Dry 

Show of gas 
300,000 eu. ft. 

Dry 

200,000 cu. ft. 

‘50,000 ecu. ft. 


Show of gas 

Show of gas, 
shallow 

Show of gas, 
shallow 

Dry 


Iron is an inconsiderable resource in the Punxsutawney quadrangle. 


The Mahoning limestone, from 50 to 70 feet above the Upper Free- 
port coal, in the Conemaugh group, is usually very ferruginous, so 
much so that in places it might serve as an iron ore when mixed with 


richer ores. 


This limestone shows at several points near Punxsu- 


tawney,—in the bed of Mahoning Creek 14 mile below the bridge 
north of Lindsey; in a railroad cut near Williams Station, and else- 
where. An analysis of the limestone at Clayville (now a part of 
Punxsutawney), made by McCreath for the Second Pennsylvania 
Survey and given in report H, p. 183, yielded as follows: 


68 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Analysis of ferruginous limestone or iron ore at Punaxsutawney 


(Clayville). 
hy) 1h ar Ree! er. 8 tue Hee 7 a 
Sulphurin.”. . 76a eeee BRS Wh tolls Ces areioshs bo ea 127 
Phosphorus... cpacstete etc nm aha ata eres 493 
Insoluble resid Hewene. wa... cn ecnls <2 he 30.010 


Though not noted in the analysis, it may be assumed that the rest 
of the rock was carbonate of lime. This ferruginous limestone was 
called Freeport (?) limestone by the Second Survey. 


Just beyond the eastern edge of the quadrangle in the road cutting’ 


a short distance west of Mahaffey appears a bed about one foot 
thick of low grade iron ore (limonite) at about the position of 
the Buhrstone ore of western Pennsylvania. The Buhrstone ore 
lies immediately above the Vanport limestone. It is possible 
that ore in that stratigraphic position will be found elsewhere 
in the quadrangle and possibly may be found of workable 
thickness and quality. The Second Pennsylvania Survey re- 
ports give an analysis of iron carbonate ore occurring as nod- 
ular masses of various sizes in sandy shales about four miles 
southeast of Punxsutawney (near Rossiter) in Indiana County on 
the G. Schlimmer farm. Though a large amount of iron appears here, 
at no one place are the ore balls packed close enough together to make 
a workable bed of iron ore. An analysis of this ore follows: 


Analysis of iron ore on Schlimmer farm near Rossiter. 


ice ee WME Sa oehE C attic or dnl cy Nl 26.500 
Sulphur! tasettpaws tone pea aero ree 141 
PHOsphonruss sic ets tye ree eee eee 149 
Insoluble. residue), wcieki cw Ons esp sel eee 34.460 


The ore is described as a carbonate ore, hard, compact, siliceous, 
of a bluish ‘gray color with conchoidal fracture. At one point some 
five miles southeast of Punxsutawney an attempt had _ been 
made to mine the red shale of Conemaugh age. To determine 
the amount of iron in it an analysis was made by the Second 
Survey which showed the shale to contain not more than 10 
per cent of metallic iron. At many places over the quad- 
rangle lenticular masses of iron carbonate were noted, but 
at no place were these in sufficient abundance to suggest the 
possibility of their being worked as iron ore. At the present 
time it may safely be said that while much iron occurs in the quad- 
rangle it is not known anywhere in such concentrated form as to be 
of commercial value. 


‘it 


DISTRICTS : 69 
DETAILED GEOLOGY BY DISTRICTS. 


For the purpose of detailed description of the resources of the 
quadrangle, it has been arbitrarily divided into a number of so- 
called “districts,” the line of separation following as a rule the major 
drainage lines. The following sketch map shows the location and 
names of the several districts; the numbers show ‘the order in which 
the districts are described in the text. 


So [Spa 
NEWTFONBURG 
DISTRICT 


G ACS KS FAL. ct ro) 
.8) =| 


iNe a 


Wi 
yet 8 
t/GeF RSPNJ_ co 
“7 INDIANAA, CO 4 













: J . ' o 
¥ "Rossiter crt Ua (McGees MUIé __ 
: uneayu ohngspnburg ’ ie m oie 
ROSSITER, eX: 
DISTRICT, GLEN._CAi Seem 
| B A % K § s 
AN O\ E DIQTRICT 





J 
'O 





—_— — 


I} Richmond 
5 
| RICHMOND 


| 
| 

¢ 
| SY 


Fiera 25. Sketch map showing division of Punxsutawney quadrangle into 


70 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
PUNXSUTAWNEY DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Punxsutawney district consists of the land in this quadrangle 
north of Mahoning Creek. The valley of Mahoning Creek on the 
south side of the district ranges in elevation from about 1230 feet 
below Punxsutawney to 1300 feet where the stream enters the quad- 
rangle. North of the stream the hills rise abruptly to flat tops from 
1400 to 1500 feet above sea level. Farther from Mahoning Creek the 
hilltops rise to 1600 feet, and a few points reach 1700 feet above sea 
level. Sawmill Run, Elk Run, Cold Spring Run, Rook Run, Trout 
Run, Big Run, and Windfall Run are the principal streams from the 
north. They are from 100 to 200 feet below the adjacent hilltops. 
The valleys have steep sides, and the hills round off with nearly 
flat tops near their upper limit. Many small knobs rise above the 
wider levels. As a rule the flatter hilltops correspond with the tops 
of sandstone beds and the “potato-hill” knobs above them are rem- 
nants of higher levels in shale. ; 

The main line of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway 
follows Mahoning Creek along all the south edge of the district. 
The Pennsylvania & Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road is in the valley of Mahoning Creek from Canoe Creek to the west 
edge of the quadrangle. Railroad branches extend up Sawmill, Elk, 
and Big Runs, to the mines on those runs. This has been the largest 
mining district in the quadrangle, and one of the largest in the State. 
Large mines were located around Walston, Adrian, Anita, and 
Eleanora. Coke making and iron making are among the industries 
of the district. Punxsutawney occupies the broad valley of Mahoning 
Creek on the southwest edge,of the district. 


Stratigraphy. 


The outcropping rocks of this district belong to the lower half of the 
Conemaugh group and the upper half of the Allegheny group. About 
450 feet of the Conemaugh rocks still remain in place. The Allegheny 
outcrops only in the valleys in ‘the northwest corner of the 
quadrangle, about 150 to 200 feet of the formation coming to day- 
light. | 

Conemaugh group. Though many sections of the Conemaugh group 
were obtained in this district, little regularity could be discovered. 
The lower 150 to 200 feet of the group are generally shaly. The mas- 
sive sandstone in the upper part of the Mahoning formation is not 
prominent in this area; the lower part of the Mahoning formation is 
shaly in the western part of the area, but usually containg sandstone 
toward the northeast. Above the position of the Brush Creek coal are 


- 


_ 


PUNXSUTAWNEY DISTRICT — a1 


the shales exposed in the cuts about Punxsutawney. From 150 to 200 
feet above the base of the Conemaugh is a thick sandstone locally 
reported as more than 100 feet thick. Limestones occur at a number 
of horizons, especially within the first hundred feet above the E coal, 
and also at about 315 feet above the E coal. A few sections show 
limestone about 225 feet above the E coal. It is not certain that the 
lower limestone mentioned is always at the same horizon. In places 
it certainly comes just below the position of the Mahoning coal, and 
it is possible that all of it comes there, though the interval above the 
E coal varies from 40 to 80 feet. It is thought the upper limestone 
may be the Ames. Red shales were seen in a few places, but at so few 
as hardly to suggest any regularity. 

Coals of workable thickness were not found in the Conemaugh 
rocks, 20 inches being the maximum. Most of the sections show 
little or no coal, and most of the beds found were not more than 8 
inches thick. In one section five thin streaks of coal occur. The coal 
at the Brush Creek horizon is the one most often seen, but even it is 
absent in four-fifths of the sections and drill holes. Coal was seen 
so infrequently as to be difficult of correlation. 

Allegheny group. Little is known of the Allegheny group except 
of the Freeport formation, containing the two Freeport coals. Both 
coals are workable locally and both are thin or wanting locally. 
Although most of the E coal in this district is thin and in places lack- 
ing, the D coal has a good thickness over large areas, and has been 
extensively mined. The two coals are from 88 to 70 feet apart, 
though averaging about 40 feet. The interval is predominantly sandy 
in about half of the sections and shaly in about half. The Upper 
Freeport limestone is contained in most of the sections but in some 
is thin or wanting, in others 15 to 25 feet thick. The rocks below 
the D coal, as far as seen, are mostly shale with a few thin beds of 
sandstone. The B coal lies about 200 feet below the E coal and the 
C coal about 130 feet; thin coals above the C coal may represent 
the C’ coal. 


Structure. , 


The structure, or elevation and position, of the various rocks and 
and coal beds in this district has been determined with much accuracy 
through the extensive mining operations carried on here. The rocks 
dip steeply from the northwest corner of the quadrangle toward 
Punxsutawney, to the axis of the Punxsutawney syncline. In a dis- 
tance of 314 miles the E coal descends from an elevation of 1700 feet 
above sea level to 1150 feet at Puxsutawhey, or nearly 200 feet per 
mile. Northeast of Punxsutawney the dip is less steep and less regu- 
lar. 





72 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


As a result of this dip the E coal, which is in the top of the hills 
in the northwest corner of the quadrangle descends and passes under 
Elk Run above Harmony and under Sawmill Run at Walston, so that 
it is 100 feet below Mahoning Creek at Punxsutawney. The lowest 
part of the syncline appears to extend northeast from Punxsutawney 
to a point one mile northwest of the town of Big Run, and then more 
to the north so as to lie close to Eleanora shaft. The structure con- 
tours shown on the map (Plate III) are on the E. coal. The D coal, 
which is the coal being worked in this district, is found from 40 to 50 
feet lower, and the B, which is entirely below drainage, some 200 feet 
lower. 


Coal beds. 


The uppermost coal beds of the Allegheny group of this district, 
the E and D, are well known. The other beds are little known. The 
two beds mentioned are both exposed in many places, and have been 
pierced by the drill in many other places, and the latter has been 
extensively mined. Under the D coal are four or more coal beds, 
of which only one, the B, gives any promise of being thick enough to 
mine. ! 

FE coal. As indicated in figure 7, sections 1 - 7, and 9, this coal is 
variable, ranging from 4 feet thick to a feather edge within short 
horizontal distances. Apparently the coal is lacking over consider- 
able parts of the district, and pockety over the rest of the district. 
No systematic arrangement of the pockets could be discovered from 
the data at hand. From observations in other districts, it is suspected 
that the varying thickness may be due to the top or all of the coal bed 
having been eroded before the overlying rocks were laid down. The 
irregular thickness of the E coal can be clearly seen along Allegheny 
‘River south of Freeport, not far to the west of this quadrangle. 
Whether erosion caused the irregular thickness of the E coal near 
Punxsutawney is questioned from the fact that some of the thinner 
coal has a shale roof and not a sandstone roof as the thinner 
coal on Allegheny River and elsewhere have. The supposition that the 
thinning of this bed is in part due to subsequent erosion, is strength- 
ened by knowledge of an eroded channel in this district which cuts 
out the D coal. Mining in the E bed in this district should be preced- 
ed by close and careful prospecting. If the thinning is due to erosion 
it may be possible to trace old stream channels, and learn, with some 
degree of accuracy, just where the coal has been cut out. 

The sections (figure 7) show most of this coal to be without part- 
ings, though partings are present in places. In many sections the 
coal is overlain by several inches of bony coal. Generally the roof of 
the coal is shale, overlain by a sandstone that locally comes down 


: i 


PUNXSUTAWNEY DISTRICT | (c 


upon the coal. The floor of the coal is generally clay. No detailed 
study of this coal was made in this district. 

D coal. The D coal is about 40 feet below the IX coal at the Elk 
Run shaft, at the Eleanora shaft, and around Adrian. According 
to drilling records the distance between these coals ranges from 30 to 
70 feet. 

Though subject to consider able variations the D coal maintains a 
thickness of 6 feet or more in much of this district (see figure 9, 
sections 67 to 75 inclusive). Locally the thickness increases to 10 
feet or more. On the other hand at some time following the deposition 
of this coal bed the land was elevated and channels were eroded in 
what was then the surface of the ground. Where these channels cut 
into the newly deposited coal, they partly or wholly remove it. The 
western edge of such a channel is encountered in this district follow- 
ing a north and south direction in the road fork 242 miles due east 
of Anita and about 14 mile north of the McCalmont township line. 
A short distance north of this quadrangle a drainage tunnel was 
driven through the sandstone that filled this old erosion valley. Before 
driving the tunnel, a line of drill holes several hundred feet apart was 
put down, which found coal at every hole. It is said that when the 
tunnel or entry was driven it entered rock soon after passing one 
of the drill holes, and remained in rock until the next drill hole was 
reached which was then found to have penetrated a block of coal no 
larger than a room. Beyond this hole the tunnel was in rock almost 
all the way to the next drill hole. The writer has not examined this 
rock “fault.” It is reported that both the D and the E coals suffer 
to the northwest of this area from the existence of rock “faults,” 
apparently the sandstone filling of channels eroded soon after the 
laying down of the coal beds. 


The D coal has no regular partings but any one section will show 
one or more streaks of “mother” coal or shale and ly a few 
inches of bony coal at the top. 

Normally the roof of the D coal in this. district is shale, except 
where a sandstone “roll,” such as those described, comes down upon 
or into the coal. “The roof is generally strong enough to allow the 
use of machines in mining, though not everywhere. The floor is 
normally clay. 


Distribution of resources: 


The distribution of the coal and other economic minerals will next 
be described, beginning at the southwest corner of the district. 
Where Mahoning Creek leaves the quadrangle all the Allegheny coals 
are below water level. The E coal has only a slight depth. The 


74 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Mahoning limestone, which is about 50 feet above the E coal, outcrops 
in the bed of Mahoning Creek north d6f Lindsey. This black lime- 
stone is overlain by one foot of sandstone and that by 6 feet of clay 
with iron concretions. Above the clay are limestone and some iron 
ore, in all 12 feet®. This is the ore and limestone that analyzed 21.10 
per cent of iron. The same ore shows again about a quarter of a mile 
below the bridge, more sandy than above, and is still poorer at the 
bend of the creek (Sliding Rock Bend). The irregularly bedded, 
yellow and brown Upper Mahoning sandstone is exposed in the rail- 
road cut at Lindsey station. The upper surface of the sandstone 
suggests an unconformity or fault, as it lies abruptly against the 
overlying shales, the surface of contact having a pitch of 28° and 
strike of S. 50° E. The fact that no strikes are seen on the sandstone 
face and that the shales at the contact are not noticeably disturbed, 
favor the idea of unconformity rather than a fault. That kind of 
unconformity, however, is very rare in the coal measures, and here, 
if it be an unconformity, erosion has been followed by the deposition 
of shale rather than the usual sandstone. This shale in the lower 
part of the Buffalo formation is 60: to 80 feet thick at the Buffalo, 
Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway bridge just to the east. The broad 
valley in which the town of Punxsutawney lies has been eroded out 
of these shales. 


The lower end of Sawmill Run is cut in lower Conemaugh rocks 
which form the hills on both sides. At the fan house (Ab 12) the D 
coal is 70 feet deep. The E coal is lacking-in places in this part of 
the district though it is of workable thickness on upper Sawmill Run 
and its position there is usually marked by a distinct bench. The D 
coal rises to outcrop at the forks of the creek and is exposed under 
the schoolhouse (Aa 26) at the lower end of Walston. At the 
Walston No. 3 mine (Aa 25), the drift mouth is 30 feet above the 
outcrop of the D coal which is being worked here. The coal is 5 to 6 
feet thick, not including 18 inches of shaly coal at the top. It ranges 
from 4 to 8 feet in thickness with an average of about 514 feet. The 
roof over the shaly coal is sandstone and the floor is clay, 3 to 4 feet 
thick. Diagonally across the run is the opening of the Walston No.1 
mine (Aa 24), which is about 12 feet higher than that at the No. 3 
mine. Over the coal, which is here 6 feet thick, is from 0 to 4 feet of 
shale, then sandstone. In places the sandstone fills the depressions 
in an erosion surface and replaces part or all of the coal. Locally 
the coal is 10 feet thick: Four feet of clay underlies the.coal. The D 
coal contains knife-edges of shale and, in places, wedges and irregular 
masses of pyrite, but not in such quantity as seriously to damage the 
bed. The dip is 3°to 4° to the southeast. These mines were nearly 


3Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey, Report H, p. 183, 1875. 


PUNXSUTAWNEY DISTRICT . 5 


worked out in 1905. The coal from No. 1 mine was used principally 
in supplying a line of coke ovens, 657 in number, which extended 
from No. 1 mine along the west side of Sawmill Run to Clayville, 
a distance of about 1144 miles. It was said at the time (1905) to be 
the longest line of coke ovens in the United States. (See Pl. IIT). 

The E coal at this point is 2 feet 10 inches thick. Farther up 
Sawmill Run and 60 feet higher than the No. 3 mine was the Dewey 
mine, nearly worked out when examined. Still farther up are open- 
ings on the F. 8S. Hagg place. The coal is 5 feet thick or more, with 
2 maximum of 6 feet 8 inches and is overlain by 8 inches of bony. coal. - 
Clay rolls cut the coal out in places in these openings. 

On the ridge between Sawmill Run and Elk Run are many outcrops 
of the Mahoning coals. Where the ridge road crosses the north 
boundary of Punxsutawney borough (Ab 1) is an outcrop of the 
Harlem coal. The coal lies between shale and sandstone and is 4 
inches thick. The Bakerstown coal outcrops with a thickness of 18 
inches in a ravine on the Hagg place (Aa 27) one mile north of 
Punxsutawney. On the ridge north of Walston the dip makes the 
Brush Creek coal outcrop at various levels on the same hill (Aa 15), 
(Aa 18), (Aa 18). 

As Mahoning Creek follows the axis of the Punxsutawney syncline 
from Saw Mill Run to the mouth of Elk Run, the E coal is 100 to 125 
feet beneath Punxsutawney. The D coal is 140 to 175 feet deep. 
A short distance up Elk Run is the Elk Run shaft, which handles all 
the water from the mines to the north, except in emergency, when 
the reserve pumps at the upper mines are operated. At this shaft 
(Ab2) it is 120 feet to the E coal and 160 feet to the Lower Freeport, 
or D. The E coal here is 3 feet 4 inches thick and the D up to 5 feet 
7 inches thick. Coal from this mine is raised through the Adrian 
No. 1 mine. The rise to the north brings the coals to daylight near 
the junction of Elk and Little Elk Runs. 

At Adrian No. 1 mine the E coal is 30 feet above drainage and the 
D bed 43 feet lower. In 1905 this was one of the large mines of the 
district, and had a yearly production of about 1,000,000 tons. In 
1924 this mine produced 1200 tons daily. 

The D coal, which is being worked here, is from 4 feet 8 inches to 7 
feet thick, averaging about 6 feet. Usually 6 inches of bone lies be- 
tween the coal and the shale roof. The coal carries a persistent 
binder one-half inch to two inches thick. On the east side of this 
mine the coal is cut out along a wide belt by a channel filled with 
sandstone. The coke ovens at Adrian make a double bank a mile long. 
For years about one-half of the output of the mine (all passing a 6 
inch mesh screen) went to the ovens. When the ovens were burning, 
30,000 tons of coal made about 20,000 tons of coke, the monthly 


76 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


output. The ovens have been idle for several years. At Anita on 
the north edge of the map are the Florence mines, also on the D coal. 
The Florence, Adrian, and Elk Run mines are all connected by under- 
ground workings. 

The E coal has been opened at a number of points on the west 
side of Elk Run and on Little Elk Run. At the Conrad mine (Aa 11) 
opposite Adrian the D coal is 514 feet thick and the E coal shows 
414 feet of rusty and impure coal overlain by 18 inches of bone. Over 
the E coal is the Lower Mahoning sandstone 40 feet thick. The lower 
- surface of the sandstone roof is irregular, owing to the irregular thick- 
ness of the coal. The same coal up Little Elk Run presents much the 
same section and appearance, having a thickness three-quarters of a 
mile west of the mouth of Little Elk Run (Aa 17) of 414 feet with 
9 inches of bony coal between the coal and the sandstone roof. 


The rise of the rocks to the northwest carries both coals rapidly 
out of the valley and up the hill slopes. At the Weber mine one mile 
west of Adrian (Aa 9) the D coal 4 feet thick is overlain by 4 to 8 
inches of bone and that by sandstone. At the J. W. Brown mine 
(Aa 5) near Anita the D coal is 514 feet thick, overlain by shale and 
underlain by clay. At the David Staley mine (Aa 6) the same bed 
is 514 feet thick with 9 inches of bone between the coal and sandstone 
roof. The E coal, 4 feet thick, lies 30 feet higher. Toward the head 
of Little Elk Run in the northwest corner of the quadrangle both 
coals are almost to the top of the hills, and the Kittanning coals 
should be found in outcrop in the valley of Little Elk Run. 

The high land between Elk Run and Big Run is formed almost en- 
tirely of rocks of the Conemaugh group. The E and D coals, which 
outcrop around Adrian and to the north, descend to the east and 
south with a pitch of 2 to 3 degrees and are entirely below drainage 
in that direction. A few outcrops of the Conemaugh coals are found 
along the roads and the Ames limestone has been found at many 
points, as on the east side of Windfall Run (Da1). A section of this 
limestone was given on a previous page. 

Mahoning Creek runs in Conemaugh rocks all the way from the 
northeastern edge of the quadrangle to Punxsutawney. At the mouths 
of Canoe Creek and of East Branch it just about touches the top of 
the Allegheny group or E coal. The Mahoning clay and limestone are 
exposed in a cut at Williams flag station, as described on page 25. 
Big Run Valley is in Conemaugh rocks to the north side of the quad- 
rangle. Near the edge of the quadrangle close to Big Run is the 
Eleanora shaft (Ca 1) which reaches the D coal at a depth of 269 feet, 
or at an elevation of 1055 feet above sea level. This is near the bottom 
of the syncline. The coal is 10 feet thick, not including a 2-foot rider 
overlying 2 feet of shale. The roof is sandstone and shale, Forty 


LOCUST DISTRICT T7 


feet above is the E coal, 4 feet 3 inches thick. These coals are deep 
below the surface east of Big Run. The E coal barely rises to outcrop 
at the mouth of East Branch. 


LOCUST DISTRICT. 


Introductory statement. 


The Locust district comprises the area west of the Indiana branch 
of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway: that is, south of 
Mahoning Creek at Punxsutawney, west of Canoe Creek from Cloe 
post office to Locust, west of Broadhead Run from Locust to Rich- 
mond. The area is an entire contrast with the Punxsutawney area, 
for while that district is rich in coal and contains several large mines 
and accompanying industries, the Locust district appears to contain 
little coal, and has no large mine. On the other hand, a gas field has 
been found near the center of the district. The Indiana branch of the 
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway runs almost all the way 
around the district following the valleys of Mahoning and Canoe 
creeks, Broadhead Run, and Little Mahoning Creek. Canoe Creek 
cuts the district in two in the middle, and serves as a channel for the 
Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad from Juneau to the Plum Creek 
mines. 


Stratigraphy of outcropping rocks. 


The surface rocks of this district are of Conemaugh age, except a 
few feet of Allegheny rocks just above the flood plain of Canoe Creek, 
and around the south end of the district along Broadhead Run and 
Little Mahoning Creek. A maximum of probably. 420 feet of Cone- 
maugh rocks remains. These are very largely shale, as revealed both 
in, the natural exposures and in drill holes. The lower part of the 
Mahoning formation is not well exposed in the area immediately 
south of Punxsutawney. It appears to consist almost entirely of 
Shale, some of which is flinty. At the horizon of the Mahoning coal 
is a little black shale, beneath which are limestone and a little iron 
ore. The upper part of the Mahoning formation consists mainly of 
sandstone. It is prominently exposed above the station at Lindsey, 
and is pierced by wells in the lower part of that town. Ten to fifteen 
feet above the top of the sandstone is the Brush Creek coal. This is 7 
inches thick in a railway cut near Horatio. It outcrops on both sides 
of Painter Run, where in one exposure, the coal is in two benches, 
the upper 5 inches thick and the lower 18 inches, with 6 inches of 
shale between them. 


%8 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Above this coal is the Buffalo formation, consisting of 70 to 90 feet 
of shale, the top of which is about 165 feet above the E coal. The 
shale is overlain by the Buffalo sandstone which is massive in a few 
limited areas. At the top of the formation and about 200 feet above 
the E coal, are red shales and one or two thin bands of limestone, 
probably the Pine Creek, then the Bakerstown coal at about 230 feet 
above the E coal. The Bakerstown coal outcrops at the top of the hill 
in the road from Punxsutawney to Cloe and at the top of the hill 
above Finley Mills on the road to Punxsutawney, and has been dug 
into south of Painter Run near the Punxsutawney-Juneau road. 
At an estimated elevation of 310 feet above the E coal, a thin but 
persistent coal outcrops at many points beside the roads in the tops 
of the hills 1 to 4 miles southwest of Punxsutawney. This may be the 
Harlem coal. A limestone, supposed to be the Ames, about 325 feet 
above the E coal, is exposed on the western edge of the quadrangle 
just north of the Indiana County line. The E coal outcrops along 
Canoe Creek from Juneau to Cloe. The coal is 2 to 3 feet thick, and 
is underlain by 50 feet of olive sandy shale and sandstone. According 
to some drill records the E and all of the other Allegheny coals are 
absent in the middle of the Locust district, except a 2-foot bed about 
in the position of the B coal. 


Stratigraphy of rocks not exposed. 


A number of deep wells have been drilled for gas in the area just 
northwest of Juneau (see figure 4). Some of these go to a depth 
of 2,700 feet, or 1,300 feet below sea level, and reach well down into 
the Devonian rocks. The records of these wells do not give details, 
but indicate the predominant character of the rocks. In the records 
of some of these wells the Allegheny group is represented as all sand- 
stone, in some as all shale, but in more as partly sandstone and partly 
shale. The Pottsville appears to be generally represented by shale. 
All the records show sandstone which ranges from 150 to 250 feet 
thick in the different wells. This probably correlates with the “Big 
Injun” sand or Burgoon sandstone of the Pocono series of Mississipp- 
ian age. Apparently the Mauch Chunk series is absent in this region. 
Below the “Big Injun” sand are 300 to 400 feet of shales, most of 
which are red, and below these occur two sandstones which may 
correspond with the Berea sand and the Murrysville sand. The form- 
er has proved gas bearing. Below that the wells pierce about 1500 feet 
of Devonian rocks, and reach a gas-bearing sand at that depth, as 
already described under the general head of Stratigraphy. 


LOCUST DISTRICT , SS 


a a Structure. 
_ 

The structure is very obscure in all but the south part of this dis- 
trict. All the outcropping rocks, except a narrow strip along Canoe 
Creek from Juneau to Canoe Creek station, and around the south end 
of the district are of Conemaugh age. Furthermore the apparent 
absence of nearly all the Allegheny coals in wells in the northern part 
of the district makes it difficult to determine definitely the strati- 
graphic position of the few Conemaugh coals that outcrop. In certain 
small areas outcrops of what was thought to be one bed of coal in the 
Conemaugh group gave definiteness to the structure in those small 
areas. 

The road over the hill south of Punxsutawney to Juneau appears 
to be in the shales immediately above the Brush Creek coal all of the 
way to Painter Run, indicating a rise almost equal to the slope of the 
hill. Continuing south of Painter Run for one mile, the structure 
appears to be flat or slightly anticlinal. Then the rocks appear to 
_ dip into a syncline under Canoe Creek. 

The logs of the wells in the Juneau gas field indicate a slight syn- 
cline north and west of Juneau and a low anticline west of that, 
though these do not show clearly at the surface. From Locust Lane 
there is a sharp rise of the strata to the south, so that the E coal, 
estimated to be 1250 feet above sea level north and northwest of 
Locust Lane, is 1600 feet above sea level at Richmond. 


Distribution of resources. $ 


In the northwest corner of the Locust district,.where Mahoning 
Creek leaves the quadrangle, the strata dip to the center of the Punx- 
sutawney syncline. The exposures about Lindsey have already been 
mentioned. From Lindsey east, railroad cuts expose the shales 
above the Brush Creek coal to within a mile of the mouth of Canoe 
Creek, where, the syncline having been crossed, the top of the Upper 
Mahoning sandstone reaches outcrop. The E coal rises to outcrop at 
the mouth of Canoe Creek and is level with the track of the Buffalo, 
Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway. The same coal shows at many 
points along the railroad up Canoe Creek. 

The road running southeast from Punxsutawney toward Juneau is 
in the shales of the Buffalo formation almost all the way to Painter 
Run. There on both sides of the run, at about 1390 feet, the Brush 
Creek coal outcrops (Ab 9 and Ac 3). The massive Upper Mahoning 
sandstone ig exposed immediately below these outcrops. Although 


quite massive at this point it becomes softer and less resistant up and 
down stream. 


SO PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


The road running southwest from Punxsutawney over the hill keeps 
more nearly along the axis of the syncline and reaches what is thought 
to be the Harlem coal 300 to 310 feet above the E coal This bed out- 
crops at a number of points along the crest of the hill, having a thick- 
ness at one point of 9 inches (Ab 4- 5- 6-8), (Ac 1). The “lower red 
shales,” just below the position of the Bakerstown coal, show plainly 
on all of the roads ascending to this hilltop. Locally limestone frag- 
ments, possibly the Pine Creek, are to be found in connection with the 
red shales, as at the edge of the quadrangle two miles southwest of 
Punxsutawney (Ab 7). Just east of where the hill road crosses the 
west line of the quadrangle, fragments of limestone were found, 
probably representing the Ames, at about 325 feet above the E coal 
(Ac 2). The Bakerstown coal shows at the top of the hill on the 
road from Punxsutawney to Cloe post office (Bb 1 and 2); and an 
attempt has been made to work it west of Painter Run near the road 
(Ac 10). The outcrop of red shale and limestone three-quarters of 
a mile northwest of Juneau (Ac 5) is thought to be just below the 
horizon of the Bakerstown coal. If that interpretation is correct the - 
massive sandstone debris on the face of the hill northeast of Juneau 
comes from the Buffalo sandstone. This sandstone does not 
maintain its massive character for any distance to the north. 
Most of the district north of the Buffalo and Susquehanna railroad 
shows only shale and small fragments of shaly sandstone. The struc- 
ture is clear in the northeast corner of the district, but elsewhere it 
is obscure, so that the correlations suggested are for the most part 
tentative. The Brush Creek coal outcrops just west of Cloe Post 
Office, at Bb 38. The black shale at the horizon of the Mahoning coal 
shows in the road fork just north of Juneau (Ac 6 and 7) and else- 
where. It was this bed that was formerly confused with the E coal. 


The E.coal outcrops in the hill all along the west side of Canoe 
Creek from the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh trestle above Cloe 
Post Office nearly to Juneau. Opposite the mouth of Ugly Run (Bb7) 
the coal is 2 feet thick, overlain by 20 feet of shale, and underlain by 
3 feet 6 inches of good clay. Farther south the same coal outcrops 
(Bb 8 and 9), and it has been dug a little at road level one mile below 
Juneau (Be 1). The coal here is 3 feet 6 inches thick with 8 inches 
of bone on top. The lower Mahoning sandstone 20 feet thick makes 
the roof. The mine of the Juneau Coal Mining Company is said ty 
show a rolly roof that makes the coal irregular in thickness, cutting 
it down locally to 1 foot. 


Apparently the hill northwest of Locust Lane contains about as 
great a thickness of Conemaugh rocks as the hills in the north part of 
the district. If correctly correlated the limestone near the top of the 
hill (Ad 1) is the Ames, and the coal found north and northeast of 


WINSLOW DISTRICT . 81 


this is at the Bakerstown horizon (Ac 8 and 9). The shales above the 
Brush Creek coal show well in the deep cut at Locust Lane. 

One mile south of Locust Lane the southeastward rise of the 
rocks brings up the Freeport coals, the E outcropping at Ad 3. 
The coal has been opened in a small way here and on Hess Run 
(Ad 4, 5 and 6). At the mine one mile south of Locust Lane 
(Ad 4) the coal varies from 3 to 4 feet in thickness within short 
distances, in one place within a space of 50 feet. Where it has 
the greater thickness it contains bony streaks. Between the shale 
roof and the coal is 6 inches of dark shale, grading into bone. 
Under the coal are two feet of light-drab clay, then eight in- 
ches of coal with clay below. On the east side of Hess Run (Ad 5) 
the coal is 4 feet 1144 inches thick, and overlain by 5 inches of bone, 
with sandy shale above. The E coal at the Hess mine on Hess Run 
(Ad 6) is reported as 4 feet thick with 8 inches of bone above over- 
lain by sandstone which makes the roof. The bed is said to be irregu- 
lar in thickness. 

A few openings have been made on the coals on Leasure Run but all 
had fallen shut when visited. In the head of the run 54 mile north 
of Savan the Upper Freeport limestone, 2 feet 6 inches or more thick, 
is exposed (Ae 1). Coal in this hollow has been dug into on the 
Pifer Place (Ae 2). 

The rise of the strata to the southeast brings up the massive Clarion 
sandstone at the junction of Broadhead and Hess runs and the san‘- 
stone is exposed extensively by the railroad cuts north and northeast 
of Richmond. Just across Little Mahoning Creek to the northwest 
of Richmond is an outcrop of the B coal 4 feet 2 inches to 5 feet 
thick in two benches, the upper 2 feet to 2 feet 2 inches thick and 
the lower 18 inches to 1 foot 11 inches thick, separated by a 11-inch 
parting. Below the coal, in order, are: 2 feet of brown sandy clay, ~ 
10 feet of gray to light-drab sandstone, 6 feet of gray sandstone 
(ganister with stems), then 2 feet to 18 inches of light-drab sandy 
flint clay. Assuming the correctness of the correlation of this coal 
as the B, this flint clay is at the same horizon as the flint clay so 
abundant at Clarion. 


WINSLOW DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Winslow district includes the land south of Mahoning Creek, 
east and north of Canoe Creek and Ugly Run, and west of Clover 
Run and Stony Run. It is a high upland with a nearly flat top, 
broken by deep ravines around the edges. Winslow post office is in 
the south-central part of the area. The flat land around Winslow 


6b 


82 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


has an elevation of about 1760 feet. In the southeast corner of the 
district a few acres at the head of Stony Run are at an elevation of 
2,000 feet. Mahoning Creek is 1,250 to 1,300 feet above sea level. 

The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway follows along the 
northern edge of the district and part of the western edge, and the 
Pennsylvania and Northwestern division of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
follows the southern edge, so that every part of the district is within 
a few miles of railroad transportation, with down grade from any 
point to the main lines of the railroads. Two or three small com- 
mercial mines are producing coal in the northern part of the district 
and as many more in the southern part. 


Stratigraphy. 


The rocks exposed over most of the Winslow district are of Cone- 
maugh age though rocks of Allegheny age outcrop in the valley of 
Ugly Run and in Clover and Stony Run valleys. Except in the north- 
west part of the district adjoining Mahoning Creek, the thickness 
of the Conemaugh rocks in most of the hills is but little over 100 feet. 
A massive sandstone in the Upper Mahoning dominates the area, 
and is the cause of the flat hilltops. The debris from its outcrops 
around the edge of the district to the east and south tends to hide all 
other formations. The top of this sandstone is, as a rule, 100 to 110 
feet above the top of the Allegheny group or the E coal. In the north- 
west part of the district from 50 to 100 additional feet of Conemaugh 
rocks occur, consisting largely of shales of the Buffalo formation with 
some heavy sandstone. Between the Upper Mahoning sandstone and 
the E coal is mostly olive shale, in places flinty. Coal was not seen 
at the horizon of the Mahoning coal. Coal blooms were seen in the 
position of the Brush Creek coal, which was reported to have a thick- 
ness of 2 feet near Hudson. 

Little is known of the stratigraphy of the Allegheny group, as it 
outcrops only in the sloping sides of the valleys of Clover and Stony 
runs on the east and Ugly Run on the south. The E coal, which 
ranges from 3 to 5 feet thick, is the dominant coal of the district, and 
was the only coal mined when the field work was in progress. The D 
coal underlies the E at a depth of about 40 feet, the intermediate strata 
being the clay underlying the E coal, the Upper Freeport limestone, 
usually some shale and then a more or less massive sandstone. Under 
the D coal are found the C’, C, and B coals, though as these beds are 
not being mined, scant data were gotten upon their thickness or qual- 
ity. The few sections obtained in this region indicate that the Alle- - 
gheny group is principally shale. The records of drill holes in this 
region indicate that the D coal is irregular, and though the E coal 


WINSLOW DISTRICT ; 83 


is generally found in place, in many of the sections it appears to 
have been removed or not deposited. The intervals between the coals 
vary widely, so that it is difficult to give any generalized section. 


7 


Structure. 


The structure or lay of the rocks in the Winslow district is nearly 
as well determined as in the Punxsutawney district, partly from the 
openings on the E coal, which is the coal principally worked in this 
district, and partly from the top of the massive Upper Mahoning 
sandstone which is 100 to 110 feet above the top of the E coal. The 
rocks show a steep rise from Mahoning Creek southeastward. 
At Bells Mills on Mahoning Creek the E coal has an elevation above 
sea level of about 1150 feet, and at Hillman, or North Summit, the 
same bed is 1950 feet above sea level, a total rise of 800 feet in about 5 
miles, or 160 feet to the mile. At Hudson the E coal is between 1550 
and 1600 feet; at Winslow between 1600 and 1650 feet above sea level. 
_The E coal underlies practically all the district except the eastern 
edge, where it outcrops high in the escarpment facing Clover Run and 
Stony Run. It also outcrops along Ugly Run at the south. The dip 
from Hillman to Canoe Creek appears to be fairly uniform but doubt- 
less more data would reveal a greater variation than is shown. From 
Hillman to Winslow Station, from Rossiter Junction to Canoe Creek, 
and southeast of the town of Big Run, the dip has been determined 
from the position of the E coal. Over the rest of the district. the dip 
has been determined from the elevation of the top of 'the massive Up- 
per Mahoning sandstone, which, as stated, has been assumed to be 100 
to 110 feet above the E coal. In the area between Canoe Creek and 
Big Run there is uncertainty as to whether the first coal of workable 
thickness in some of the drill holes is the } or the D. This is in the 
area in which the D coal is losing in importance going southward and 
the E coal is gaining in the same direction, so that in many of the 
drillings both coals appear to be irregular and in some one or both 
of these coals are thin or wanting. 


Distribution of resources. 


The Allegheny coals are below drainage all along Mahoning Creek 
and the northwest side of the district at the mouths of Canoe Creek 
and the East Branch. They rise to the southeast with the hill, keep- 
ing under slight cover until they outcrop to the east and south. The 
Upper Mahoning sandstone outcrops in the steep slope on the east 
side of Canoe Creek at about 1350 feet above sea level and rises sharp- 


84 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


ly to the eastward. The road from Cloe post office to Winslow post 
cffice, after passing an outcrop of the Brush Creek coal (Bb 11), 
climbs over a hill that is capped by the Buffalo sandstone overlying 
the shales of the Buffalo formation. The top of tse Upper Mahoning 
sandstone is met again where the road comes dowa to the run one 
mile east of Cloe, and the top of that sandstone keeps just under the 
road as it climbs the next hill to Winslow post office and beyond. 

Conditions are more or less similar on the roads southeast from 
Bells Mills and south from Big Run to the upland. The Mahoning 
sandstone makes a steep escarpment with local cliffs along the edge 
of the upland above Ugly Run and Clover Run, and the valley sides 
are strewn with sandstone blocks. The hills in the northeast part 
of the districts are carved in the shales of the Buffalo formation. 

The Buffalo and Susquehanna No. 3 mine was opened in 1904 e- 
tween Bells Mills and Big Run. The shaft encounters the Brush Creek 
coal 2 feet thick at 70 feet and the E coal at 154 feet. The E coal 
varies from 3 feet thick on the right side of the mine to 6 feet on the 
left, averaging about 4 feet, with a 1 to 3-inch binder ’8 inches from 
the floor. Over the coal is 2 feet of bone. Above that is shale on the 
right and sandstone on the left side of the mine. This mine 
encounters faulting, as do most of the other mines of the district. 

The E coal outcrops around a small area in the valley of the run 
that enters Mahoning Creek opposite the town of Big Run. The Big 
Run No. 1 mine (Db 1) was opened in 1905. The E coal is here 4 feet 
thick, though thinning to nothing locally. It carries a binder 4 to 8 
inches from the bottom. The roof is shale and the floor clay. At one 
place in the main heading the coal thins down to 8 inches. The D coal 
is reported to lie 30 feet below and to be 4 feet thick. The E coal is 
above the drainage over a small area (Da 3) three-quarters of a mile 
south of the mouth of East Branch. The Upper Freeport limestone 
shows at the same point. 


The E. coal outcrops about at water level at the mouth of East 
Branch. It rises along the west bank of the run and reaches an eleya- 
tion of 1380 feet above sea level at the Frank P. Brown bank (Da 4). 
Here the coal is 2 feet 5 inches thick with a l-inch binder of bone 4 
inches from the bottom. Over the coal is from 4 to 6 inches of bone 
with shale above, and below is a clay floor. At the Andy McClure 
and Dean McConne bank the E coal is 3 feet thick, overlain with sand- 
stone and underlain with sandy clay. The elevation of the coal here 
is about 1490 feet (Da 5). The coal on the west side of Clover Run 
continues to rise to the south, keeping about 100 feet below the top 
of the sandstone that forms the escarpment, until at the head of 
Stony Run the bed lies under the top of the divide and outcrops on 
the south side of the ridge above Ugly Run 1950 feet above sea level. 


ROSSITER DISTRICT 85 


A little over a mile east of Winslow Station the E coal is being 
worked at the Hillman mine by the Bower Brothers (Db 5). The coal 
is 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick with a l-inch binder 10 inches from 
the bottom. The roof is a drab clay shale with 10 inches of draw slate 
and the floor is clay. The D coal is reported to be 58 feet below the 
FE and to be 6- feet thick with an 8inch binder 14 inches from the 
bottom; and the B coal is reported in placé 180 feet below the E. The 
north slope of Ugly Run is covered with blocks from the Upper 
Mahoning sandstone which outcrops at the top of the escarpment. 
The top of the sandstone makes a nearly uniform elevation of about 
130 feet above the railroad. In the same area the E coal is within 20 
feet above the railroad from the Hillman mine to and beyond Winslow 
Station. It is well exposed in the first cut west of Winslow, where 
it is only one foot thick. The roof is sandy shale. Below the coal is 
2 feet of clay, then 2 feet of limestone, with clay shales and sandstone 
below that. Westward from this cut the coal bed does not descend 
as much as the railroad and the railroad cuts are made in the Free- 
port sandstone which is between the Upper and Lower Freeport coals. 

Less than a mile below Winslow the E coal is 50 feet above the track 
and is being worked by the Hamrock Coal Company. The coal in 
their Cherry Grove mine is 3 feet 4 inches thick, including 1 to 2 
inches of shale 2 inches from the bottom. The coal at the Cherry 
Grove mine is somewhat irregular in thickness, thinning down to 2 
feet in the main heading, as a result of irregularities in the shale roof, 
or of erosion in early Mahoning time as indicated by the irregular 
surface between the shale roof and overlying shaly sandstone which 
usually is less than 10 feet above the coal. Below the coal are 2 feet 
of sandy clay, then sandstone. The D bed, reported to range from 18 
inches to 5 feet in thickness, outcrops just above the railroad track. 
Below the Cherry Grove mine the railroad more nearly follows the dip 
so that at Rossiter Junction the E is again less than 20 feet above the 
track. Where the Pennsylvania and Northwestern crosses under the 
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway, the E coal is about 30 feet 
above the tracks of the former. Beyond this point the dip carries the 
coal rapidly to the creek level. 


ROSSITER DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Rossiter district comprises the area east of the Indiana branch 
of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway from Richmond to 
Rossiter Junction, south of the Pennsylvania and Northwestern 
division of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Rossiter Junction to 
North Summit, west of a line from North Summit following the roads 


86 - PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


through Flora to the head of Straight Run and down Straight Run t 
Robertsville, and north of Little Mahoning Creek between Roberts- 
ville and the mouth of Broadhead Run. Topographically the area 
consists of a high rolling upland in the east central part while the 
rest is irregular ridges and deep ravines. The area is surrounded by 
valleys on all sides, except beetween Flora and North Summit, allow 
ing railroad transportation to the coals. The Pennsylvania and 
Northwestern, and the Indiana branch of the Buffalo, Rochester & 
Pittsburgh give transportation facilities to the north and west sides 
of the area; and a short branch of the New York Central railroad, 
leaving the Pennsylvania and Northwestern at Rossiter Junction, 
extends south to Rossiter and serves the large mines at that point. 
Rossiter is the only town in the area. 


Stratigraphy. 


The Rossiter district, as shown by the geologic map, is underlain 
about equally by rocks of the Conemaugh and Allegheny groups. 
The Allegheny group is not well exposed in the western part of the 
district, owing in general to a covering of debris from the Conemaugh 
sandstones. Considerable drilling has been done in the area. 

Conemaugh group. Only the lower 200 to 250 feet of the Cone- 
maugh group remains in this district. The Conemaugh sandstones 
are variable in position and extent. In some places sandstone lies 
directly on top of the Upper Freeport or E coal; in others the base 
of the lowest sandstone is 50 to 80 feet above the E coal, or there is 
no sandstone. In general, the lower part of the Conemaugh is more 
commonly shaly or sandy. _The limestone underlying the Mahoning 
coal is present in a number of places, and in others its position is filled 
by sandstone. Over the limestone clay occurs locally and in some ex- 
posures a little coal. Sandstone occurs commonly in the upper part 
of the Mahoning member, that is, above the position of the Mahoning 
coal, but it does not occur there uniformly; shale may occur in that 
part of the section. Coal has been found 100 feet above the Upper 
Freeport or in the position of the Brush Creek coal. Above the coal 
the rocks vary, with a preponderance of shale. At one place a thin 
streak of coal occurs about 150 feet above the Upper Freeport. 

Allegheny group. ‘The top of the Allegheny group in this district 
is marked by the Upper Freeport or E coal, nearly or quite everywhere 
of workable thickness. Below the coal are a few feet of clay, and 
under that the Upper Freeport limestone. This limestone varies from 
one foot to a reported thickness in one or two places of 40 to 50 feet. 
It is 10 feet thick in some outcrops. The Lower Freeport or D coal 
occurs some 40 feet below the Upper Freeport, but, as far as known, 
in this district does not appear to be of good workable thickness. 


\ 


ROSSITER DISTRICT 87 


Neither the Middle nor Upper Kittanning coal is being mined and 
both will probably be found too thin to be generally workable. The 
Lower Kittanning or B coal was not seen of workable thickness in 
this area, though it probably is workable over more or less of the 
district. No sections of the A coal were measured. A coarse-grained 
sandstone between the B and A coals is prominent on Little Mahoning 
Creek around Richmond and on the flanks of the gorge farther up that 
stream. In the southeast part of the area the whole thickness of the 
Allegheny group is exposed, from the valley of Little Mahoning Creek 
to:the top of the hills. 

Pottsville series. The Pottsville series is above water level in the 
gorge of Mahoning Creek above Richmond, but it is not well ex- 
posed. The Mississippian rocks do not outcrop in this district. 


Structure. 


The structure in this district is similar to that in the Winslow 
district. In general the rocks seem to have a fairly uniform rise to 
the south of east, the dip being rather gentle near the axes of the folds, 
but steep between Canoeridge and Rossiter. In that area the rocks 
rise more than 200 feet in one mile. The E coal, which has an eleva- 
tion of 1800 feet above sea level north of Juneau, is between 1350 and 
1400 at Rossiter, and at Winslow Station 1650 feet. At Canoeridge 
the same coal is between 1600 and 1650 feet. At Flora in the north- 
east corner of the district it reaches an elevation of 1900 feet. In this 
district the determination of the structure from the outcrops of 
the E coal is verified by the records of many drill holes. 


Coal. 


The E or Upper Freeport coal, is the dominant coal in this district. 
It was thought that all but one of the coal openings found were in 
this bed. Although the E coal is well known over the district, little 
is known of the lower beds. 

E coal. The E coal in the Rossiter district is from 2 feet 6 inches 
to 7 feet thick, averaging about 4 feet 6 inches, the thickness increas- 
ing from the northwest to the southeast. In many of 'the sections the 
coal is without partings or binders; but a parting or binder from J 
to 3 inches thick is in places found from 6 to 9 inches from the bottom. 
Commonly the floor is clay, underlain within a few feet by limestone, 
but in a few places 3 or 4 inches of bone come between the clay and 
the main bed of coal. Usually the roof is black shale, in places lying 
directly on the coal, in others separated from the coal by 4 to 19 
inches of bony, or a thin limestone. In a few places the black shale 
is reduced in thickness to 1 or 2 inches and overlain by a thick bed 
of sandstone, 


88 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


D coal. Drill hole records indicate that in places in this district 
the D coal is absent; elsewhere it may be reported as streaks of coal 
in sandstone. One measurement gave 7 inches, another 2 feet 3 inches, 
still another 3 feet 8 inches. Near the south end of the district, a coal 
bed thought to be the D coal (Bd 9), is 2 feet 6 inches thick, underlain 
by 16 inches to 2 feet of coal that grades into bone. Below that is 3 
feet of clay, then 1 inch to 1 foot of coal. On the whole this bed gives 
little promise of yielding much workable coal, though it will probably 
prove workable in some areas. 

Other coals. A few measurements on the C’ coal gave thicknesses 
of 8 to 20 inches. On the C coal a single measurement gave 18 inches. 
On the B coal measurements gave a thickness of 12 to 21 inches 
or more. Near Enterprise a coal bloom 20 inches thick (Bel) was 
thought to be the Clarion, or A’ coal, coming below the B coal and 
above the top of the Clarion sandstone. 


Distribution of resources. 


The Rossiter district is economically dominated by the E coal, 
which underlies the northwestern two-thirds, and outcrops in a long 
line around most of the district. The hill between Ugly Run and the 
stream flowing past Rossiter has a ‘body of E coal entirely detached 
from the adjoining areas. At the northwest that coal is only about 50 
feet above creek level, overlain by rocks of 'the Conemaugh group, with 
a maximum thickness of hardly more than 200 feet. The coal rises 
southeastward, more than keeping pace with the rise of the hill, 
so that around Flora it underlies only the hilltops. There is also a 
detached area of E coal about one-half square mile in extent between 
two forks at the head of Ugly Run. Several openings have been made 
in this detached area, the coal being 42 inches thick at (De 3), though 
at the Bowers mine (Dc 6) just southwest of Hillman the coal is 4 
feet 1 inch thick, including a 3-inch parting of shale 9 inches from 
the bottom. The top coal is rather shaly. The E coal has been mined 
near Rossiter. The coal was first opened at the J. C. Smith mine 
(Be 1) north of Juneau, and later at the Frances No. 1 mine of 
Punxsutawney Coal Company (Bc 8). The coal is here about 1400 
feet above sea level. It is about 4 feet thick, including 2 inches of 
bone 6 inches from the bottom, and lies between a shale roof and 
clay floor. | 

The main body of the coal, south of the isolated tract just des- 
cribed, is just about at creek level north of Juneau. From Juneau 
to Locust it is below drainage. Between Juneau and Rossiter there 
is a rise of about 100 feet, bringing the coal well above creek level 
around the latter place. 


RICHMOND * DISTRICT j 89 


At Rossiter are the Canoe Ridge or Rossiter mines of the Clear- 
field ‘Bituminous Coal Corporation. _ These mines have a daily 
capacity of 2800 to 3000 tons of coal. The coal in these mines is 3 feet 
8 inches to 5 feet thick and has an average of 4 feet 6 inches. Along 
Canoe Creek the coal is 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet thick but thickens 
to the southeast so that locally, south of Rossiter, it reaches a thick- 
ness of nearly or quite 7 feet. In the Gaston opening at Canoeridge 
(Bd 2) coal measured 5 feet 4 inches thick. 

The E coal is below drainage around and to the north of Locust 
Lane but rises to outcrop a short distance south of Locust Station 
and in the north branch of Straight Creek a short distance west of 
Canoe Ridge store. From these points the rise from the south- 
‘east carries the coal rapidly up the hillside and into the hilltops. 
At the Joe Young and Miles Sigers’s banks, two miles southeast of 
Rossiter, (Ce 2) (Cd 1) the coal is. 4 feet thick and is 1800 feet above 
sea level, having risen 500 feet in 284 miles. It has the same elevation 
at the A. State’s mine, where the coal is 5 feet thick, and underiain 
by the Upper Freeport limestone. In the southwest part of the district 
the E coal has been opened in a saddle of the hilltop (Ad 7) one-half 
mile northwest of Enterprise, and is mined by the Locust Colliery 
Company on Broadhead Run one mile below Locust (Ad 11) on the 
Butfalo, Rochester, & Pittsburgh Railway. The Locust No. 1 mine 
is at an elevation of 1425 feet. According to H. M. Kanarr Company, 
mining engineers, the coal in this mine is very rolly; but normally is 
3 feet 6 inches thick and overlain by bone. 

Coal blooms show at many points around the south and eastern 
sides of the district, but seldom reveal the thickness of the coal. Just 
north of Enterprise there are outcrops of both the B and A’ coals. 
The B (Ad 8) shows a thickness of 1 foot plus, and is underlain by 
30 inches of clay and that in turn by a mixture of angular chunks 
of sandstone and flint clay. The A bed shows 20 inches of coal with 
a shale roof and clay floor. Along the south edge of the district the 
massive Clarion sandstone, often conglomeritic, is prominent at 
Enterprise and to the east along the gorge of Little Mahoning Creek. 


RICHMOND DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Richmond district comprises the southwest corner of the quad- 
rangle, including the area south of Little Mahoning Creek and west 
of Little Mahoning Creek and East Run. The creeks descend from 
1540 feet at Hast Run to 1250 feet at Savan. The district as a whole 
is very hilly with almost no level ground or even sub-level, except 
small stretches of bottom land along Little Mahoning Creek and 
Crooked Run, and in the headwaters of Barrett Run, where a small 


90 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


area is held up by the massive Clarion sandstone. In the center of the 
district is Kinter Hill, which rises to 2,068 feet above sea level. A 
large share of the district is almost or quite too steep for proper 
cultivation, though, as there are few heavy sandstones, except around 
Richmond, the surface is not as a rule covered with massive sand- 
stone blocks. The more gentle slopes are cultivated. Richmond, or 
Rochester Mills post office is the principal town. The Buffalo, 
Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad skirts the northwest corner of the 
district, and all other parts of the district could be put within easy 
reach of transportation by a railroad along Little Mahoning Creek. 
A. branch of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad 
touches the district at Ord and Robertsville. 


“Stratigraphy. 


The rocks exposed in this district comprise about 200 feet of the 
Conemaugh group, all the Allegheny group, and a small amount of 
Pottsville exposed in the valley of Little Mahoning Creek above Enter- 
prise. The hilltops are for the most part in Conemaugh rocks and 
the hillslopes in Allegheny strata. Most of the rocks outcropping 
in the district belong in the Allegheny. 

In most of the hilltops not more than 100 feet of Conemaugh strata 
remain, but in the Kinter Hill Ridge and in the hill southwest of Savan 
there are at least 200 feet. In both of these places the highest rock 
is the Buffalo sandstone, the top of which is about 200 feet above the 
E coal. In both places this sandstone is more or less conglomeritic. 
The massive sandstone in the upper part of the Mahoning formation 
does not appear here as it does to the northeast in this quadrangle, 
though some sandstone occurs in that interval. In general this part 
of the section is more commonly shaly than sandy. The lower part 
of the Mahoning formation here as elsewhere over the quadrangle 
commonly is shale, and in several places contains yellow, flinty clay, 
or the shales themselves grade over into a flinty shale 10 to 50 feet 
above the Upper Freeport coal. Except for the Buffalo sandstone at 
the two places mentioned, the Conemaugh group of this region is 
mostly shale. 7 | 

Allegheny group. The Allegheny group.is fairly well exposed in 
the roads of the district, but, as there are no large mines and little 
drilling has been done, only a limited amount of data on the coal beds 
was obtained. The E coal has been opened at several places for min- 
ing in a small way and its position is probably well determined. 
At a number of points, where the coal does not show, its position was 
assumed from limestone fragments found at what was thought to be 
the horizon of the Upper Freeport limestone. From 35 to 50 feet 
below the E or Upper Freeport is the D or Lower Freeport. The 


RICHMOND DISTRICT | 91 


intervening strata consist mainly of shale and sandstone in about 
equal quantity, with the Upper Freeport limestone occurring general- 
ly within 15 feet below the I¢ coal. This limestone appears to be only 
2 to 4 feet thick but locally it seems to be somewhat thicker. The D 
coal is workable locally and has been opened in a small way at a 
number of places. From 80 to 100 feet below the E coal is the C’ coal 
which is unique in this district in being of good workable thickness, 
and in being overlain at one point by a lens of cannel coal. Near Rich- 
mond the OC’ bed reaches a thickness of five feet or over. The interval 
between the D and C’ coals appears to consist mainly of shale, though 
usually containing at least one bed of sandstone 10 to 20 feet thick. 
From 180 to 200 feet below the E coal is the B coal which is, locally at 
least, of workable thickness. Between the C’ and the B coal are coal 
blooms indicating the position of the C coal, but at no point was a 
measurement obtainable. Most of the exposures noted of the inter- 
val between the C’ and B coals are shale, though in several a sandstone 
10 to 15 feet thick appears at about the middle of the interval. The 
correlation of the B coal is indicated by the usual thickness of clay 
under it, which at several points south of Ord post office is 7 feet; and 
in the region west of Richmond by the presence below it of a limestone 
assumed to be the Vanport. This limestone is 30 feet below the coal. 
Between the coal and the limestone are first, the underclay of the coal, 
then in some places a little sandstone and locally some flint clay, cor- 
responding to the Clarion flint clay; then blocky, light drab shale, to 
the limestone. This district is also interesting in that under the 
limestone is found a thin coal, apparently in the position of the A’ or 
one of the Clarion coals. This coal usually is within a few feet below 
the limestone and is from 7 to 20 inches in thickness. Below that 
is either shale or shaly sandstone 15 to 20 feet thick to the top of the 
massive conglomeratic sandstone upon which the town of Richmond 
is built. The top of this sandstone appears to be 40 to 70 feet below 
the B coal. From its nearness to the B coal it is assumed that this 
sandstone corresponds to the Clarion sandstone of the region to the 
northwest, rather than to the Homewood sandstone in the top of the 
Pottsville series. In places, a little coal has been found below the 
Sandstone which, on the assumption of the sandstone being the 
Clarion, would be the A or Brookville coal. 


Pottsville (Kanawha) series. The Pottsville series outcrops in 
the valley of Little Mahoning Creek from a point east of Richmond to 
the neighborhood of Ord post office. Probably the whole thickness 
of the formation is above the creek in the south bank of the valley 
just east of Enterprise. However, it is so completely covered by the 
massive debris from the Clarion sandstone that no sections of it were 
obtained. A few exposures in Beech and Barrett Runs reveal a thin- 


92 _ PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


bedded sandstone, such as would not be suitable for building purposes, 
or would not in itself tend to make cliffs or prominent escarpments. 
At one point a few inches of coal were seen in the position assumed 
to be at the horizon of the Mercer coal. 


Structure. 


A fork or spur of the Chestnut Ridge anticline crosses this district 
from northeast to southwest practically through the center. On the 
west side of this anticline 'the dip is quite sharp. The E coal rises 
from 1400 feet at Savan to 1850 feet above sea level northeast of 
Kinter Hill, a rise of 450 feet in less than two miles. This rise is 
very apparent on the road from Richmond to Nashville. The massive 
sandstone that underlies Richmond at 1300 feet keeps just under the 
road nearly to Beech Run. Here the road goes down into the sand- 
stone and stays in it almost to the head of Barrett Run where the 
crest of the anticline is crossed. The axis of the anticline appears to 
cross Little Mahoning Creek about a half mile west of the sharp bend 
to the west, to cross the head of Barrett Run and Kinter Hill, and 
leaves the quadrangle a mile north of the southwest corner. On the 
east side of the axis the structure is not so clear, owing to uncertain- 
ties in the correlation of the coals in the valley of Little Mahoning 
Creek. Apparently the beds descend over 100 feet from the divide 
southwestward to Nashville, and become still lower at Deckers Point, 
where the E coal is down to 1600 feet. The E coal descends to 1500 
feet at a point one mile southeast of Deckers Point where the Dixon- 
ville syncline enters the quadrangle. This syncline appears to follow 
down the valley of Little Mahoning Creek from the point mentioned 
as far as Robertsville, where it is pinched out by the coalescing of 
the Chestnut Ridge anticline and the Kinter Hill anticline. 


Coal. 


All the workable coal beds in this district are in the Allegheny 
group. The HE, D, C’, and B beds are of commercial thickness. The 
A’ coal ig believed to be present, and the C’ coal has over it locally a 
lens of cannel coal, a feature characteristic of that coal elsewhere in 
the State. 

E coal. At the few openings where the E coal could be examined 
it appeared to be everywhere a solid bed without partings, overlain in 
places by shale and in others by sandstone, and in still others by a 
sandy shale separated from the coal by one or two inches of bone. 
Usually clay with a limestone below it underlies the coal, though 
locally a little black shale is found between the coal and the clay. 


RICHMOND DISTRICT 93 


Measured sections of the coal range from 3 feet 10 inches to 5 feet 
2 inches, averaging a little over 4 feet. (See sections 30-31, Fig. 7). 

D coal. ‘The D coal in the few openings seen, measured from 2 
feet 3 inches to 3 feet 8 inches, indicating a variable thickness. Under 
part or much of the area it may prove too thin to work under present 
conditions. The sections indicate that the coal is without partings, 
in places overlain with a few inches of bony coal and elsewhere under- 
lain by bony coal. Over the coal is usually shale, and under it clay. 
(Sections 100-101, Fig. 9). 

0’ coal. At three openings on the C’ coal the bituminous part of 
the bed measured from 30 inches to 5 feet 3 inches, indicating that 
much of the district may be underlain by workable coal at this hori- 
zon. At one place from 5 to 6 inches of bone overlies the bituminous 
bed. In the southwest part of the district the bituminous bed is over- 
lain by cannel coal, having a thickness of 9 feet or/less. The thick- 
ness, however, as is usual with cannel coal, is quite variable, the lens 
apparently having only a small extent, and decreases rapidly from 
9 feet to one foot or less in the small mine. 

No measurements were made on the C coal. 

B coal. The B coal is exposed at several places along Little Ma- 
honing Creek near Richmond and near Deckers Point. The coal 
ranges in thickness from 18 inches to 8 feet, and probably will show 
a local thickness somewhat greater than that. On the other hand 
it will probably be found too thin to mine in parts of the area. In 
most of the exposures the coal has no partings and is not associated 
with bony coal, being overlain with a shale roof and underlain with 
clay. Locally the coal contains a parting up to 1144 inches thick. 
(Sections 180-138, Fig 12). 

A and A’ coal. Practically no measurements were obtained on 
the A coal and only a few on the A’. These ranged from 7 inches to 
1 foot. This coal is 20 inches thick near Enterprise, so it is possible 
that it will prove to be workable over small areas in this district. 


Distribution of resources. 


In the northwest corner of the district Little Mahoning Creek flows 
over rocks near the base of the Allegheny group. On the hill 
southwest of Savan the E coal is about 200 feet above the railroad and 
the top of the same hill is capped by the Buffalo sandstone 200 feet 
higher. The E coal, 3 feet 10 inches to 4 feet thick, is mined on the 
George Richardson place. The top 10 or 12 inches of the coal is short 
grained and the rest long grained. The roof is brown shale, the floor 
light drab clay, reported to be 9 feet thick. Under the clay is lime 
stone. At the mouth of Crooked Run, opposite Richmond, the Vanport 


94. PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


limestone outcrops and has been dug for agricultural lime. Part of 
the limestone was taken by stripping and part by mining into the hill. 
The limestone is reported to be 5 feet thick. Over it 1s exposed some 
15 feet of blocky to splintery light drab shale, and under it is coal 
® to 12 inches thick, underlain by 15 feet of sandy, dark drab shale. 
The limestone is at road level at Savan (Ae 8) but following the road 
to the east rises in the hills to be 15 or 20 feet above the road. The 
top of the Clarion sandstone appears in the bed of Crooked Run, 
and underlies the slope on the east side of that run. The sandstone 
rises to the east, reaching an elevation of about 1530 feet where it 
outcrops on Beech Run and of 1600 feet on Barrett Run, approaching 
the crest of the Kinter Hill anticline. In that region it makes distinct 
bluffs at the top of the steep hillside, and along the spurs projected to- 
ward Little Mahoning Creek. The Pottsville series must outcrop be- 
low it in the hillslope though it was not seen except in small sections 
of a few feet each in Beech and Barrett runs. The A’ coal immediate- 
ly overlies the Clarion sandstone at several points on the road from 
Richmond to Ord post office. Where the road crosses the divide the 
FE coal is just above it. The D outcrops on both sides of the gap (Be 7 © 
and 8). Just beyond the gap(Be 10) the D coal has been opened and 
worked a little. The coal measures 32 inches thick, including 1 inch of 
shale 4 inches from the bottom, but not including 5 inches of bone 
separated from the bottom of the coal by 6 inches of clay. The roof 
here is shale. Thirty-five feet above the opening on the D coal is an old 
opening on the EK, now fallen shut (Be 9). Other outcrops of the D 
coal were seen in this neighborhood and to the northeast about Doty 
Roundtop. The same two coals have been opened near the head of 
Beech Creek (Ae 10-11-12). The E coal is reported to have a thickness 
of 4 feet and the D a thickness of 3 feet. The two beds are 54 feet 
apart. The top of the hill on the road past this point from Richmond 
to Hillsdale is for a distance in the Conemaugh shale, and a large 
amount of the olive flinty shale and clay is exposed both on the road 
and in the fields near the road. A number of coal blooms were seen 
in the northeast corner of the district over the slopes of Doty Round- 
top, but no exposures at which the coal could be measured. The 
massive Clarion sandstone is about 120 feet above creek level at the 
point where Little Mahoning Creek turns from north to west, on the 
east side of the anticline. It continues to have about that position 
along the creek south to Ord. Near the mouth of Rairigh Run it ap- 
pears to go under drainage, and at several points are outcrops of the 
B coal. About 114 miles southwest of Ord (Bf 1-2-3) the B coal ig 32 
to 36 inches thick. On the Cornelius Roley place (Bf 2) the coal, 
3 feet thick, is overlain by shale and underlain by 7 feet of clay. 
The correlation of this coal as the B is based mainly on the thickness 


RICHMOND DISTRICT read 


of the clay, as none of the other coals in that part of the Allegheny 
group commonly have as thick a clay as that. At the John Romeley 
opening (Bf 3) the coal is 32 inches thick, overlain by shale and under- 
lain again by 7 feet of clay, with one inch of shale between the clay 
and the coal. At (Bf 1) apparently the same coal bed is only 18 inch- 
es thick. Up Little Mahoning Creek from this point are numerous 
outcrops of coal, some of which are evidently in the position of the 
B but at none of them had the coal been opened so as to expose its 
thickness or quality. One mile northwest of Deckers Point the E 
coal has been opened on the Jim Beatty place (Af 5). The coal here 
is from 4 feet 9 inches to 5 feet 2 inches in thickness, overlain by 1 to 
2 inches of bone and that by sandy shale, and underlain by 1 to 2 
inches of black shale and that again by clay. The coal is here very 
near the top of the ridge and underlies only a small area. At the head 
of Crooked Run,.the C’ coal has been opened on the Joe Brown place 
(Af 1) where it is 3 feet 8 inches thick and overlain by 5 inches of 
bone and that in turn by dark or black shale. The floor of the coal 
is shale. The opening is directly under the road near the top of the 
hill. Off from the road a short distance is 'the.S. L. Lowry and 8. J. 
Bash opening on the C’ coal, which at this point carrfes several feet of 
cannel coal. In one part of the mine the cannel coal was only one foot 
thick and underlain by 3 feet 4 inches of bituminous coal. In other 
parts of the mine the cannel coal measures as high as 9 feet. Over it 
is 6 inches of bone and above that black shale. The floor is clay. 
As usual with cannel coal, it has a distinct blocky character, the 
joints or “slips” being marked, and the “face” having a S. 85° E. 
direction. Other openings have been made on the coals farther down 
Crooked Creek but all of these had fallen shut when visited. On the 
south side of Kinter Hill an outcrop of the E coal was noted (Af 4), 
underlain by limestone and overlain in a few feet by the yellow flint 
clay of the Lower.Mahoning. The Upper Freeport limestone outcrops 
at the forks of the road west of Kinter Hill (Ae 15) and again ata 
saddle in the top of the hill to the north (Ae 7). At the latter point, 
on Mr. Work’s place, the limestone is 3 or 4 feet thick and has been 
burned for agricultural lime. Below this saddle, three-quarters of 
a mile south of Richmond (Ae 5), what was thought to be the C’ coal 
has been worked on the Jeffries place. The coal is 30 inches thick, 
overlain by dark drab fissile shale, and underlain by 1 inch of bone, 
and that by drab clay. On a small tributary of Crooked Run (Ae 6) 
is the Aaron Jeffries mine on what is thought to be the C’ coal. The 
coal here is from 5 feet to 5 feet 3 inches thick. It is overlain by 5 to 
6 inches of bone and that by clay shale. The floor of the mine is bony 
coal. 

As shown by these local details, practically the whole district is 
underlain by the B coal, and the E coal is confined to a rather limited 


96 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


area near the top of the hills. The D and C’ coals underlie somewhat 
larger areas and at slightly lower elevations. The structure contours 
on the map show the elevation of the E coal at any point in the dis- 
trict, and the position of the other beds can be determined by sub- 
tracting their distance below the E from the elevation of that bed. 


NEWTONBURG DISTRICT 
Introductory statement. 


The Newtonburg district includes the land in the northeast corner 
of the quadrangle lying east of Mahoning Creek and Clover Run to 
the head of Stony Run and north of Pennsylvania and Northwestern 
division of the Pennsylvania Railroad from North Summit to the 
eastern edge of the map. The axis of the Chestnut Ridge anticline 
runs through this district, raising the formations much higher than 
they are farther south, and the existence of a massive hard sandstone 
in the upper part of the Mahoning formation tended to preserve the 
crests of some of the ridges at an elevation of 2,200 feet above sea 
level, or more. ° From these crests the streams have cut deep gorges 
down to the level of Mahoning Creek on the northwest and to the 
West Fork of the Susquehanna on the southeast. The topography and 
the fact that the hill slopes are covered with massive sandstone blocks 
and debris from the Upper Mahoning sandstone that caps the ridges, 
render most of the district incapable of cultivation and of little value, 
except for timber and minerals. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh 
Railway along the northwest edge of the district and the Pennsyl- 
vania and Northwestern along the south edge of the district give ready 
transportation facilities. The New York Central Railroad crosses 
the southeast corner of the district. Newtonburg, a small lumber 
camp, was the only town in the district when studied. 


Stratigraphy. 


The rocks of this district consist of 110 to 120 feet of the lower part 
of the Conemaugh group, the underlying Allegheny group, and the 
upper part of the Pottsville series. The Conemaugh, as exposed in 
this district, consists first, of a massive sandstone in the upper part 
of the Mahoning formation between the Mahoning coal and the Brush 
Creek coal. Only a few feet of the shales overlying this sandstone 
occur in the district and as a rule the massive sandstone forms the 
tops of the hills. Possibly small areas of the Brush Creek coal will 
be found, but as that coal is very thin these can have no economic. 
value. Under the Mahoning sandstone is 50 to 80 feet of shale. _ 


NEWTONBURG DISTRICT : 97 


The rocks of the Allegheny group are at the surface in most of the 
district. The whole group lies between Newtonburg, Hillman, and 
Bear Run. The E coal at the top of the Allegheny group appears 
to be workable over much of the district, though it is thin or lacking 
in a few of the places where the rocks were measured. The D coal is 
commonly present and is workable at many points, though usually not 
exceeding three feet in thickness and most of the sections show less 
than that. In some of the exposures it is thin or absent. Between 
the E and D coals are the underclay of the E coal, then the Upper Free 
port limestone, which in drill holes appears to range from 10 to 20 feet 
thick, then shale to the D coal. Below the D coal in several sections 
is a sandstone corresponding to the Freeport sandstone. The C’ coal 
is usually thin or absent, though one drill hole pierced 214 feet of coal. 
Below that again is generally shale with a little sandstone to the C 
coal, which is absent in most of the sections. The B coal is present at 
a few points something over 200 feet below the E coal. It is thin 
where seen, although of workable thickness locally. Sixty feet below 
the B is the A’ coal which is of workable thickness and probably the 
thickest coal of this district, reaching four feet in places, though 
rather badly broken up with partings. Between the B and A coals is 
a massive sandstone in the position of the Clarion. It is this sandstone 
that is so prominent around McGees Mills. It is 30 to 40 feet thick 
there, and coarse grained to conglomeratic. Under the A coal is a 
sandy clay. 

The upper part of the Pottsville series is exposed in this district 
in the southeast corner, along Bear Run. The Homewood sandstone 
is crossbedded, fairly massive, of low grade, and not thick. Two coal 
beds beneath it are exposed at several places a short distance north- 
west of McGees. A section showing the relation of these two coals 
is given on Plate IV. 

The Homewood sandstone presumably is present in Laurel, Lost, 
and Clover runs and has been so mapped because the valleys are cut 
deep enough below the Upper Kittanning coal to expose the sand- 
stone. <A thick layer of hill wash, however, masks any exposures 
of the rock. | 


Structure. 


The general structure in this district is well determined but not the 
details. The massive sandstone in the upper part of the Mahoning 
formation caps the ridge tops and covers them with debris. Large 
sandstone blocks also mantle the hillslopes so that there are few 
natural outcrops. The E and D coals are seen at enough points along 

the high divide to make a good check on the geologic structure as 
determined from the massive sandstone capping the divide. The 
general character and amount of the rise of the rocks on the Chestnut 


Tb 


98 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Ridge anticline are shown by the position of the E coal on the Hast 
Branch. At Big Run the E coal is 1250 feet above sea level, and north 
and west of Newtonburg it has an elevation of 2100 feet, a rise of 850 
feet in 414 miles. The rocks appear to lie flat across the top of the 
anticline, and then descend sharply to the West Fork of the Susque- 
hanna at McGees Mills, where the E coal has an elevation of 1600 feet, 
a descent of 500 feet in 244 miles. 


Coal beds. 


All the workable coal in the Newtonburg district appears to be in 
the Allegheny group, though it is possible that one or both of the 
Mercer coals of the Pottsville may preve to be workable locally. The 
A or Brookville coal has been opened at more points and is thicker 
than any other coal in the district. 

FE coal. The E coal underlies the crests of the hills, and usually 
is thick enough to mine, as shown in Fig. 7, sections 17-19. 

The coal ranges from 2 to 4% feet in thickness, and has one or two 
partings, sometimes of clay, more often bony in character. The roof 
is shale and the floor fireclay. 

D coal. The D coal appears to be a solid bed ranging from 2 to 
214 feet in thickness. The roof as far as seen, is shale and the floor 
clay. Both the E and D coal beds appear to be lacking in some 
places. 

C coal. The C coal is reported in the records of some drill holes 
as of workable thickness but an exposure seen near Mahaffey indi- 
cates that only a small portion of this may be of saleable quality. 
At that point the bed consists of 8 to 13 inches of good coal, and of 
2 feet or more of black shale or bone. In other places the coal is 
one to two feet thick and unaccompanied by black shale or bone, 

B coal. The B coal between Mahaffey and McGees is 18 to 22 inch- 
es thick. Locally it will probably prove workable. It is overlain by 
sandstone in the region mentioned and underlain by a fine body of 
clay. . 

A coal. The A coal in the Newtonburg district is shown in sections 
145, 147-150, and 156, Fig. 15. It varies in thickness from a mere film 
or a few inches to 5 feet. In some places it is a solid bed without 
partings. More commonly it has at least one or two partings of bone 
or shale. They occur in various positions. The roof is sandstone, 
usually with a little shale intervening between the coal and the 
sandstone. The floor is clay. 


Distribution of resources. 


The Conemaugh rocks occupy only a limited area in this district. 
They cap the ridge from above Newtonburg west to the head of Stony 


NEWTONBURG DISTRICT 99 


Run, the broad ridge north of the head of Whisky Run, and parts of 
the tops of the long spurs on both sides of Laurel Run. Only 110 to 
140 feet of the Conemaugh group remains in this district, except north 
of East Run. From the distribution of the Conemaugh it is readily 
seen that the E and D coals are both confined to the tops of the ridges. 
The E coal occurs immediately below the base of the Conemaugh 
group and the D coal some 40 feet lower, occupying only a slightly 
larger area, because, as a rule, the hillslopes below the outcrop of the 
Conemaugh are quite steep. As the Conemaugh contains a massive 
sandstone in the upper part of the Mahoning formation, 'the area un- 
derlain by that sandstone on the crest of the anticline is flat topped. 
The main slopes through the districts are in rocks of Allegheny age. 
Unfortunately there are few exposures of those rocks, owing to the 
mantle of massive sandstone blocks which come down from the out- 
crop of the Mahoning sandstone. The base of the Allegheny group 
is about at water level, near the head of Bear Run, on Whiskey Run a 
little below Newtonburg, and probably is not far above water level 
on the head of Laurel Run. The dip carries the rocks down rapidly 
so that at the mouth of Laurel Run about one-half of the Allegheny 
group is below drainage. The base of the Allegheny group should be 
near or just above water level on Clover Run for three or four miles, 
but bed rock is hidden by hillwash. 


The small area between Mahoning Creek and East Branch is under- 
lain by rocks mainly of Conemaugh age. The top of the Allegheny 
group is exposed along the west and north bank of East Branch to a 
thickness of 50 or 60 feet. The McClure Mining Company has opened 
the E coal at the mouth of East Branch (Da 6) at an elevation of 
1500 feet. The bed is 3 feet thick and without partings or bone. 
From the mouth of Clover Run the top of the Allegheny descends 
rapidly to the level of East Branch at its mouth. Outcrops of what 
is considered to be the Bakerstown coal,. associated with red shale, 
were seen in the ridge spurs three-quarters of a mile north of the 
mouth of Laurel Run (Eailand2). The D coal has been mined a mile 
farther east in the south part of Brady township (Fa 4). At the 
latter place the coal is 30 inches thick, overlain by dark fossiliferous 
shale and underlain by dark clay 4 feet thick, and that by dark shale. 
The E coal outcrops in the saddle of the hill 30 feet higher (Fa 5), 
1660 feet above gea level. 


In the area between Laurel Run and the northeast corner of the 
quadrangle the E coal occupies the crests of all of the hills under thin 
cover. The D outcrops at a number of points and has been mined at 
the north edge of the quadrangle as just described. The E coal has 
been mined on the head of Laurel Run at Fa 1 at an elevation of 1980 
feet above sea level, at Fa 2 on the Fred Frantzer Place, and at Fa 3. 


100 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


At Fa 1 the coal is badly broken with bone partings, the thickest 
bench of coal being only 2 feet. Above that are: bone 2 inches, coal 6 
inches, bone 4 inches, coal 1 inch, bone 6 inches, to shaly sandstone. 
Below the coal is clay. At the Frantzer bank the coal is 3 feet thick 
with a one inch parting in the middle. It is overlain by 4 inches of 
black shale and that by a lighter shale, and underlain by clay. 


If the coal at the Frantzer bank is the E, the base of the Allegheny 
should be just above water on Laurel Run, where the run changes its 
course from southwest to north. Descending the run the dip keeps 
the base of the formation about even with the grade of the stream, 
but in the last two miles the grade of the stream becomes less and the 
dip of the coal becomes steeper so that the Allegheny group descends 
below water level in a short distance. On the Schlimmer place (Ko 4) 
coal has been worked that is thought to be the B. 


Between Laurel Run on the east and north, and Clover Run and 
and Lost Run on the west and south,t he E coal occupies limited areas 
in the crest of the divides. It has been mined in a small way on the 
Hoover place (Eb 1) and outcrops on the road to the south on both 
sides of the saddle. Nearly or quite all of the Allegheny coals out- 
crop between the mouth of Lost Run and the top of the ridges nearby, 
as the top of the Pottsville must be very close to water level on Clover 
Run. Between Lost Run and the head of Clover Run are numerous 
outcrops of the £ and D coals and near the head of Clover Run both 
coals have been mined commercially at the Clover Run mines of the 
Madeira Hill Coal Mining Company (Fb 622). The No. 1 mine is 
in the E coal. The coal is 2 feet 4 inches thick with black shale roof. 
It has an elevation of 2150 feet above sea level, or about as high as that 
coal gets in this quadrangle. At the No. 2 mine the D coal is being 
worked, the coal having the same thickness but a little poorer quality. 
The two coals outcrop on both sides of the low divide between the 
heads of Clover Run and Whiskey Run (Fb 1- 2-4-5)... The broad flat 
at the head of Whisky Run is underlain by the ‘Upper Mahoning 
sandstone. The E coal is about 100 feet below the top of the ridge 
and the Allegheny coals are in succession under it. The E coal out- 
crops on the eastern edge of the quadrangle south of this broad flat 
at Fb 8 and the D coal outcrops farther south along the same road 
a little to the east of the quadrangle and again inside the quadrangle 
at Eb 9. . 

The ridge west of Newtonburg is capped by the Upper Mahoning 
sandstone with the E coal outcropping at many points about 100 feet 
below the top of the ridge. Among those points may be noted De 9, 
Ec 1 and 2, Fb 2 and 8. The hills on the south edge of the district are 
cut below the position of the E coal. Coal beds exposed in that region 
are mainly those at or near the base of the Allegheny. 


NEWTONBURG DISTRICT 101 


Around McGees Mills the A coal is exposed at a number of points 
and has been mined at the old McGee mine, now the Standard No. 1 
of the Beccaria Coal Company (I'c 4). At this mine the bed shows 
at the top a 6 to 7 inch bed of coal, then from 4 to 5 inches of bone 
and shale, then 33 to 34 inches of coal and 1 to 3 inches of shale, then 
6 inches to 4 feet of coal at the bottom, averaging about 13 inches. 
This coal is well exposed in the railroad cut just east of the station 
at McGees where it is 4 feet thick. Over it is from 6 inches to 4 feet 
of shale with many iron concretions. 


The base of the sandstone (Clarion) which overlies the coal contains 
many stringers of coal from one-eighth inch to 8 inches thick and 
sometimes several feet long. These stringers are composed of bright 
coal with a small cubical fracture and several of them show 2 or 3 
- shale partings. It is assumed that they represent fragments of the A 
coal detached from the freshly laid bed by the water currents that 
carried the sand to make the Clarion sandstone. The A coal is only 
16 inches thick where exposed beside the track (Fe 8). Under the 
coal in the cut are from 4 to 8 feet of poor sandy clay, then 12 to 15 
feet or more of light brown to light drab sandstone (Homewood). 

Both the Clarion and Homewood sandstones extend up Whisky 
Run, At the first east-west road crossing Whisky Run, north of 
McGees, the top of the Clarion sandstone on the west side is 1660 feet 
above sea level, but the dip brings it down to 1610 feet on the east 
side. Below the top of the outcrop the ground is strewn with great 
boulders of sandstone so as to preclude cultivation. In the road at 
the forks of Whisky Run one mile above its mouth (Ic 10) is an 
outcrop of coal 20 inches thick, apparently in the position of one of 
the Mercer beds. ; 


On Bear Run along the Pennsylvania Railroad the rapid rise of 
the rocks to the northwest is readily noted. A short distance from the 
New York Central crossing is a partial exposure of one of the Mercer 
coals below which may be seen a few feet of the Connoquenessing 
sandstone, at this point a thin, even bedded, sandstone and shale. 
Seventy feet above this are old openings on the A coal and the Stand- 
ard No. 1 mine of Beccaria Coal Company. A short distance up the 
road northwest from McGees, the Clarion sandstone has been quarried 
rather extensively (Fe 1). The sandstone here is a medium coarse, 
even-grained gray to almost white sandstone, showing a solid face 20 
feet thick or more. Ag the sandstone rises almost as fast as the sur- 
face, the stripping is very slight. Farther up the hill and just above 
the sandstone is an outcrop of the Clarion flint clay (Fe 11). At 
the fork of the road (Fe 15), 14 mile beyond, is the Shadyside mine 
of the South Branch Coal Company. The coal is 38 inches thick with 
a 1-inch binder 10 inches from the bottom. It is identified as the B 


102 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


coal. The © or C’ coal outcrops at the high point in the road 114 
miles northwest of McGees (fe 12). The top of the Clarion sandstone 
outcrops in the head of the run that les south and west of this road. 
At the mouth of this run both of the Mercer coals are exposed only a 
few feet above the level of Bear Run. ‘The upper bed is 22 inches and 
the lower is about 2 feet thick (Is 2 and 3). The section at this point 
has been given in the general description of the Pottsville series 
(page 30). For a distance, the railroad grade rises faster than the 
dip so that 144 miles west of McGees (Ec 7) the A coal is again at 
railroad level. The coal is here 38 to 48 incheg thick with a 2-inch 
parting of coal and bone from 5 to 12 inches from the top. Over the 
coal is 8 inches of blocky, black shale with drab and rusty brown shale 
above. Clay underlies the coal. On the east side of the run at Sidney 
the following section was seen. 


Section east of Sidney. 


ican 
Sandstone irregularly bedded «......0.....4.. 10 
Sandstone reguiatly thin bedded= s.gee a. 15 
Sandstone irregularly “pedded 2. Letom 
CLAY 35. a sos Reet Sees enters ee ete toe eee eee 0 to 6 
DOL «ails ne Sra tete Be Ree sas. Sic yee a RRO etme Eat ant aT tba 
Clay; Sand y,:almost SandStoner ea ss\ee or 2 sen o 
Olay, esSnel yas ath yt tiale wigs a ae errant ae eee ae 2 
NALA ALA: ical iets wi cee events otic tte laut tear eon 1+ 


From its relation to the openings on the A coal last mentioned and 
at the Bear Run No. 1 mine, the coal in this section would seem to be 
the A bed; but careful tracing of the bench at the top of the Clarion 
sandstone indicates that it is probably the Upper Mercer coal, and 
the overlying sandstone is the Homewood. Just at the east end of 
the trestle some 8 feet of the Connoquenessing sandstone shows, which 
at this point is a white, massive, coarse-grained sandstone. Under the 
railroad are two cliffs of sandstone about 10 feet high separated by 
a sandy shale. Just west of the station at Sidney is an outcrop of 
flint clay. 


Just north of Sidney station, and 50 feet above the railroad track, 
is the Banks No. 1 mine. The coal being worked here is apparently the 
A, though the massive Clarion sandstone does not show prominently 
above the coal at this point. Many large boulders of white sandstone 
cover the ground about on the level with the coal, but do not appear 
above the coal, though the existence of a distinct bench at the top 
of the boulder-strewn ground to the east of this point suggests strong- 


GLEN CAMPBELL DISTRICT 103 


ly that the Clarion sandstone belongs to this coal. At the mine the 
coal shows a thickness of 3 feet 2 inches, underlain with 8 inches of 
bone and that in turn by 8 inches of coal on a clay floor, the clay being 
4 feet thick. The roof is shale. North from Sidney the coal keeps 
well above drainage with apparently a massive white sandstone a 
short distance below it. <A little over one mile north of Sidney an 
opening apparently at this horizon shows only 14 inches of coal. 
Another coal, probably the B, has been prospected 102 feet above this 
opening, and is reported to be 3 feet thick with black shale roof (Ke 
8S). Apparently the same coal as at the upper opening has been dug 
into in the northeast corner of Indiana County (Ke 9), where it shows 
a thickness of 8 to 18 inches, overlain by brown shale. At Ee 10-12 
are outcrops of what is thought to be C’ coal. At Flinns, the Kanma 
Coal Mining Company has a mine, the Emlou No. 1, on the A coal (Ie 
14) at an elevation of 1694 feet. The average section of the bed is 
reported to be: Roof coal, 5 inches, bone 3 inches, coal 3 feet 6 inches. 

The axis of the Chestnut Ridge anticline appears to cross Bear 
Creek a little above Flinns. Beyond this point the beds dip to the 
northwest, descending rapidly so that at North Summit nearly all 
of the Allegheny is below the railroad track. 


GLEN CAMPBELL DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Glen Campbell district lies a little southeast of the center of 
the quadrangle. It is bounded on the north and east by the Pennsgyl- 
vania and Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 
North Summit to McGees Mills, and by the Pennsylvania Railroad 
from McGees Mills almost to Hooverhurst; thence the boundary runs 
northwest and down Salsgiver Run to Straight Run, up Straight 
Run to the head, and past Flora by the road to North Summit. The 
northwest part of the area is high and sub-level on the ridge tops, 
with fairly steep slopes to the branches of Bear Run. The central 
and southeastern parts of the district have only a little sub-level land 
on top of the ridges and the slopes are somewhat steeper. The area 
ranges in elevation from about 2,600 feet on a number of the high 
points to below 1300 feet at McGees Mills. Some flat bottom land 
exists along Cush Creek and the West Branch of Susquehanna River. 
Glen Campbell is the principal town. Johnsonburg, Smithton or 
Hortons post office, and Urey are hamlets in the district. The Penn- 
sylvania Railroad bordering this district on three sides and the New 
York Central Railroad following its eastern and part of the southern 
edge, provide abundant facilities for the removal of the coal or other 
economic products. 


104 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
Stratigraphy. 


In this district the rocks are almost entirely of Allegheny age; 
hardly more than 100 feet of Conemaugh rocks occur in any part of 
the district and those over a very small area only. The Pottsville 
outcrops to a slight extent in the valley of Bear Run and the West 
Branch of Susquehanna River near McGees. The Conemaugh group 
consists only of the Mahoning formation, including the Upper Mahon- 
ing sandstone which has been quarried to some extent in the hills two 
miles north of Glen Campbell. The lower part of the Mahoning form- 
ation consists almost entirely of shales, in places becoming flinty in 
character. 

Allegheny group. The various coals of the Allegheny group are 
better exposed in the south half of the Glen Campbell district than 
anywhere else in the quadrangle. The E, D, B, and A coals are all 
being worked commercially and in addition the C’ coal shows a work- 
able thickness. Between the E and D coals are about 30 to 40 feet 
of rocks which, as far as seen, are almost entirely shales. The E coal 
is from 3 to 4 feet or a little more in thickness. The D coal is quite 
variable; locally it is 9 feet or more thick, though in general from 
4 to 5 feet or less. The C’ coal ranges from one foot to over 3 feet in 
thickness and underlies the D coal by about 40 feet, the interval in 
some places being almost. entirely sandstone and in others almost 
entirely shale, though usually with some sandstone in the lowtr part 
of the interval. Between the C’ and B coals are usually found one 
or two coals which may locally have a thickness of up to 2% feet, 
though usually they are less than-2 feet thick. The rocks of the inter- 
val consist largely of shale though a few sections show heavy beds of 
sandstone. The B coal ranges from 2 feet to over 4 feet in thickness, 
and outcrops only in the valleys. Below the B coal are two coals, 
one of which may be assumed to be the A or A’ and the other either 
the A or the Mercer coal, according as the upper or lower of the two 
be correlated as the A. Between the B and the A coals is usually 
shale with some sandstone or sandy shale. One drill hole record shows 
a little limestone about in-the position of the Vanport limestone but 
no limestone was seen in outcrop at that part of the section. 


Structure. 


The Chestnut Ridge anticline crosses the west part of this district, 
~and holds the E coal more than 1900 feet above sea level on most of 
the head waters of the south branch of Bear Run. From this elevation 
the rocks descend rapidly to Cush Creek and the West Branch of the 
Susquehanna, where the same coal is only 1400 feet above sea level. 
Around Glen Campbell the dip is very sharp 450 feet in 2 miles. 


GLEN CAMPBELL DISTRICT 105 


Locally it is even steeper than that. The anticline broadens out in 
the Johnsonburg region, and to the southwest divides, one branch 
passing south just west of Smithport and the other to the west of 
Robertsville. The rocks of the Conemaugh group are gone from most 
of the northwest part of the area, as well as the E and D coals. But 
those coals and the capping Conemaugh rocks are found in the hills 
about Glen Campbell. 


Coal. 


The several coals of the Allegheny are fairly well exposed around 
Glen Campbell. Of these the E and D have been mined the most, 
though openings have been made on both the B and A coals. 

FE coal. The E coal appears to be workable over this district where 
ever it has sufficient roof. It contains from 2 to 5 feet of solid coal, 
often accompanied by one or more benches of good coal. The sections 
33-41, Figs. 7-8, give a number of measurements on this bed, showing 
its thickness, partings, bony benches, roof, and floor. As will be noted, 
the bony benches appear at either the top or bottom of the coal, or in 
one case in the coal. They range in thickness from 1 to 6 inches. The 
roof of the coal in all places noted is a drab to black shale. Above 
the coal is usually 50 feet or more of drab or olive shale, though in 
some areas a sandy shale, and in a few places a hard sandstone occu- 
pies this position. The floor of the coal is clay of yellow and drab 
color. 

In places the coal is noted as differing considerably in grain in 
different parts of the bed. Thus at one opening near Smithport, where 
the coal is 52 inches thick, the upper 12 inches is cubical in structure. 
Then 22 inches of “stick coal,” or long-grained coal, then, below a 
smut mark, 20 inches of partly cubic and partly stick coal. 
Another opening in the same neighborhood showed 4 inches of bone 
forming the roof, 16 inches of cubic coal, then 34 inches of stick coal. 
Below the KE coal is often found a limestone and in many places 
some fire clay. 

D coal. The D coal (see figure 9, sections 87-98) is much more 
variable than the E coal in this area, in places it is almost 16 feet 
thick, and in others thins down to 2 feet or less. Where it is thickest 
it is divided into several benches by rather heavy partings, as at the 
Cessna bank, where the greatest thickness was measured. Here the 
main bench is 6 feet thick, separated by 5 inches of clay from a lower 
bench, 2 to 214 feet thick. Over the main bench is a parting of nearly 
3 feet of light drab clay and shale containing a 7-inch band of coal 
near the middle. Above that is a 4-foot bench of good coal. As the 
parting under the 7-inch bed of coal is clay, from 8 to 12 inches of 
the top of the main bench is left for a roof in mining. As shown in 
the sections, in a few places the coal occurs as a solid bed 4 to 5 feet 


106 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


thick. More often it is from 3 to 314 feet thick, accompanied by bony 
benches either above or below, or separating benches of good coal. 
These bony benches are from one or two inches to 18 inches thick. In 
general the roof of the coal in this district is shale, though sandstone 
forms the roof in a few places. The floor is clay. In mining, one of - 
the benches of bone is usually left as a roof or floor. 

OC’ coal. Though not being mined, drilling indicates that the C’, or 
Upper Kittanning, bed in this district is workable in some places. As 
reported by the driller, it is without partings, and from 114 to over 3 
feet thick, the roof being either shale or sandstone, and the floor clay 
or sandstone. 

B coal. The B or Lower Kittanning coal is being worked on 
Horton Run, where it shows a total thickness of over 5 feet. Part 
of this is in underlying benches. At one point a 3-inch and 8-inch 
bench of coal separated by 6 inches of clay are overlain by 214 inches 
of clay, and this by the main coal bench 32 inches thick. At another 
point not far away the principal bench measures 44 inches. In 
general the coal seems to carry one bench approximating 3 feet thick. 
Only one of the sections shows bony-coal, though many of the sec- 
tions show the bed split into one or more benches by clay partings 
from one-half inch to 6 inches thick. The roof is shale and the 
floor is clay in all sections noted. 

A coal. The A coal outcrops along the South Branch of Bear Run 
from its mouth to a point north of Glen Campbell. In one openixg 
4 feet 2 inches of coal were measured, overlain by drab, fissile shale. 
Other sections of this coal in this district showed about 4 feet of coal, 
though these sections had one or two partings of bone or shale. In 
general it would appear that this coal may prove of workable thick- 
ness and quality under much of the district. As the A coal is apt to 
be high in ash it should be tested chemically before any large amount 
of development is undertaken on it. 


Distribution of resources. 


The northern part of the district in the area between the North and 
South Branches of Bear Run, and Straight Run on the west, is on the 
crest of the Chestnut Ridge anticline, so that the rocks are high above 
sea level as compared with their position in most of the quadrangle. 
Over most of this area the Upper Freeport coal has been removed by 
erosion. Small patches of it remain, however, in the hill east of Flora, 
in the hill one mile south of Johnsonburg, in the hills north of Smith- 
port, and in the tops of the ridges between the North and South 
Branches of Bear Run. Most of the hilltops around Johnsonburg 
are underlain by the Kittanning and lower coals, The tops of the 


GLEN CAMPBELL DISTRICT 107 


ridges appear to be held up by a sandstone between the D and C’ coals. 
Coals from A to C’ should outerop in the slopes on both branches of 
Bear Run. The A coal is above drainage up the South Branch as far 
as the road from Glen Campbell to North Summit. 


The A coal has been opened at 214 miles north of Smithport (Dd 2) 
on a level with the creek bottom where 4 feet 2 inches was measured, 
overlain by drab fissile shale. The bottom of the coal was not reached. 
It was reported as 4 feet 4 inches thick. The well at the mill just 
below the road is said to have struck a coal bed at 42 feet below the 
A coal containing: coal 16 inches, sandstone 18 inches, and coal 18 
inches. One-half mile down the branch (Dd 26) is the Banks No. 3 
mine on the A coal which is 38 inches thick with 5 inches of bone on 
top. In the hollow one-half mile north of this locality in the Banks 
No. 4 mine the A coal 38 inches thick is overlain by 3 inches of bone 
and a 4-inch roof coal. Farther down the branch, three-quarters of a 
mile southwest of Sidney (Ed 1), the A coal is 60 to 70 feet above the 
creek. Here in the Banks No. 2 mine the section of the A coal differs 
from that in Banks No. 8 mine in that the main bench is 41 inches 
thick. Prospecting on the point south of Sidney between the two 
branches of Bear Run at the horizon of the A coal shows 30 to 40 feet 
of drab sandy shale but no coal. Coal was struck just across the 
South Branch at Ed 2. 


The B coal outcrops on both sides of the South Branch of Bear Run 
214 miles north of Smithport (Dd 1 and 8) and 90 feet vertically above 
the A coal. The dip is to the southeast so that the elevation of the 
outcrop above the creek on the north bank is more than 90 feet, and 
on the south bank less. Just under the coal at both outcrops is the 
debris of flint clay indicating a deposit of more than usual thickness. 
Thirty feet above the outcrop of the B coal on the north side of the 
creek is an outcrop of the CG coal (Dd 25). In addition to the outcrops 
mentioned, the E coal occurs around Flora (De 10), and in the tops 
of the ridge north of Smithport (Dd 20-21-22). 

The ridge in the northeast part of the district between Bear Run 
and Susquehanna River consists mainly of Allegheny rocks. In the 
New York Central Railroad cut, west of the trestle over the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad at McGees, the Clarion sandstone makes 20-foot bluffs, 
being a massive cross-bedded, coarse, almost gritty, even-grained sand- 
Stone. As the railroad turns to the southeast the dip brings the top 
of the sandstone down to track level, exposing the B coal, underlain 
as usual with a good bed of clay, in this place 8 feet thick. At the 
point of the hill in the deep cut just north of where the track crosses 
the river is an exposure of a coal bed 19 inches thick (Fd 2), thought 
to be the B coal, and underlain by 4 feet of drab clay. At this point 
the shales overlying the coal have been greatly disturbed as indicated 


108 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


by the sketch (Fig. 3). The appearance is that of horizontal faulting 
with an overriding by the overlying sandstone. 

The same coal shows again lower down the same point of land on 
the Pennsylvania Railroad where it is 22 inches thick, underlain by 
6 feet of fine light drab clay. Where the Pennsylvania Railroad cross- 
es the horizon of the A coal, between this point and McGees Station, 
the coal appears to be lacking, its place under the massive sandstone 
being taken by a little black shale, overlying 3 feet of dark clay. 


Southward from McGeeg the Susquehanna River valley lies nearer 
the bottom of the syncline, so that instead of being in Pottsville rocks, 
the river is cutting in rocks of middle Allegheny age. The spurs from 
the divide, between the South Branch of Bear Run and Cush Creek, 
carry the E coal to within short distance of the river. The E coal 
occupies only a few limited hilltops to within a mile of Urey. North 
of Urey the E coal shows at (Ed 4) and the D coal makes prominent 
blooms in the road at (Ed 5-6 and 7). The lower parts of the ridge 
top are held up by the massive Freeport sandstone which comes be- 
tween the Lower Freeport and Upper Kittanning coals. Locally, as in 
the general region round Johnsonburg, this sandstone is resistant 
and part of the ridge slopes are strewn with its debris. 


What is apparently the C’ coal has been worked at the Reuben 
McMaster mine (Ed 11). The Urey mines extend from Urey south- 
eastward down McCoy Run to Cush Creek. They are on the D coal 
while the E coal les some 35 feet higher. At the outcrop (Ed 7) the 
D coal is in three benches consisting of: 26 inches of coal at the top, 
6 inches of drab shale, 25 inches of coal, 14 inches of purple-drab clay 
and. 7 inches of coal. In the Urey mines only the middle bench of coal 
is worked, consisting of from 3 to 34% feet of coal with an inch of bone 
a little less than half way up from the bottom. Over the coal is 18 | 
inches of bone which makeg the roof. Mr. Peck gives the following 
measurements from Mines Nos. 1, 5 and 3. Mine No. 1 (Ed 8) shows 
in the roof sandy shale, 5 feet plus; bone coal, 1 foot to 18 inches; 
coal, 2 feet; bone, 5 inches; coal 1 foot plus. No.5 (Ke 3) shows a 
roof of sandy shale to thin bedded sandstone; coal, 6 inches; bony, 
6 inches; coal, 314 feet plus. No. 3 Mine (Ke 5) has a roof that var- 
ies from shale to thin bedded sandstone, 4+ feet thick; then bony - 
coal, 7 inches; coal, 7 inches; bone, 7 inches; coal, 214 to 3 feet; bony 
(?) hard coal, 1 foot plus. The dip of the coals is well shown in fol- 
lowing down the run from Urey or the east-west road north of Urey. 
The D coal outcrops at (Ed 5) at about 1765 feet. Coming south to- 
ward Urey an outcrop is seen at about 1750 feet. At the No. 1 mine the 
coal is at 1664 feet above tide; at the No. 2 mine, 1562; at the No. 
5, 1490; at the No. 8, 1475; and in the point of the hill south of the 
No. 8 the coal is 60 feet still lower. Both coals outcrop at a number 


GLEN CAMPBELL DISTRICT 109 


of points east of the No. 3 mine and both have been opened at small 
mines (at Ee 6 and 7), where the two coals are less than 25 feet apart. 

At the point of the spur west of Cush Creek Junction the Cushake 
mine. (Ke 23) is in the E coal. The bed is 3 feet 8 inches thick, in- 
eluding 6 inches of bony coal at the top and a 2-inch binder between 
two 18-inch benches. The roof is shale and the floor fire clay. The 
D coal is 14 feet below, with the following section: Roof coal 14 inches, 
slate binder 8 inches, coal 20 inches, clay binder 10 inches, coal 20 
inches. This is typical of the D coal in some areas, as shown by 
the sections in Fig. 9. These measurements were furnished by the 
Cushake Coal Mining Company who believe their mine to be in the 
D coal. 

The Mahoning sandstone caps the highest point of the ridge north- 
west of Urey, (Dd 7) where it has been quarried a little. The E coal 
outcrops one mile northwest of Urey (Dd 5) and the D has been mined 
there (Dd 4). On the hillside three-quarters of a mile northwest 
of Urey (Ed 8) is the Cessna mine in the D coal. The writer measur- 
ed the following section in this mine: shale; coal, 7 inches; light 
drab clay, 12 inches; coal, 8 to 12 inches (is left up for roof); coal 
(mined) 64 inches; shale, 5 inches; coal 27 inches; clay. Above the 
upper 7 inches of coal in this section, Mr. Peck found: clay, 16 inches; 
coal, 6 inches; clay, 12 inches; coal, 48 inches. See Fig. 9, sections 
96 and 97. Both the E and D outcrop just west of the top of this 
kill in the roads (Dd 6 and 8). On the road to the north near the 
South Branch of Bear Run is an outcrop of the B coal, as already 
mentioned (Dd 3), underlying which is an exposure of flint clay. 
On the ridge to the southwest the E coal has been opened at the Depp 
mine (Dd 10) where the main bench is 3 feet 6 inches thick. Over 
that is 4 inches of bone, and under it is 144 inches of shale, then 7 
inches of coal. The same coal is being mined at the Glenwood No. 
11 mine (Dd 11). Mr. Peck measured at this mine as follows: roof, 
8 feet plus of shale; bone, 4 inches; coal, 1 foot; bone, 2 to 4 inches; 
coal, 3 feet; shale, 2 inches; bony coal, 10 inches; clay, 4 feet. At an- 
other point the writer measured as follows: drab to black shale, 2 feet 
plus; bone, 3 to 4 inches; coal, 39 inches; clay, 44 to 2 inches; coal, 6 
to 12 inches. Some 22 feet below the mouth of the mine is the dump 
of an old opening on the D coal. The coal is reported at 
that point to have thinned down to 21% feet, though it was 
® feet thick at the entrance of the mine. The E coal out- 
crops prominently in the road just west of the opening of 
the mine and at several points between that and the top of 
the hill northwest of Glen Campbell, as at Dd 14. At Dd 13 
is the upper end of the No. 6 mine. Electric haulage from No. 11 
mine has taken advantage of the No. 6 mine entries to haul through 
that mine down to the old No. 6 tipple at De 3. A measurement at 


110 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


the upper opening of the No. 6 mine gave: black shale, 4 feet plus; 
coal, 49 to 60 inches; clay. This is on the D coal which has regained 
its thickness here. The E outcrops in the saddle just 30 feet above. 
East of the upper opening on the No. 6 mine is an opening on the E 
coal. At the lower end of No. 6 mine Mr. Peck measured: shaly sand- 
stone, 4 feet plus; bony coal, 4 inches; coal, 14 inches; hone, 1 to 2 
. inches; coal, 2 feet; hard coal, 4 to 6 inches; clay. At De 4 the E 
coal has been opened and shows only 27 inches of coal overlain by 
drab shale and underlain by clay. 

At the Glenwood Springs No. 4 mine (De 4) the D coal shows: 
shale, 4 feet plus; coal, 9 inches; bone, 2 inches; coal, 3 feet; bone, 
4 inches; clay. At the No. 83 mine (Ke 1) the same bed shows: shale 
roof; bone, 4 inches; coal, 1 foot; bone, 2 to 4 inches; coal, 3 feet 
6 inches; clay, 18 inches plus. The D coal has also been opened at 
the Sheppard mine on Brady Run (Ke 2), at the Glenwood No. 6 
mine (De 8) and at the Patchin mine (De 6), and at other points 
on the west side of Graham Run (as at Ee 8). At the Patchin mine 
the coal is 5 feet thick, including 2 inches of shale 18 inches from 
the bottom. It is overlain by 3 inches of bone. 


It is interesting to follow the dip down through this series of mines. 
The E coal at the Glenwood No. 11 mine is about 1880 feet above 
sea level, at the upper end of No. 6 about 1800, at the lower end 
about 1660, and at the opening near Cush Creek on the north side 
it is down to 1420. The coal is still lower on the south side of Cush 
Creek. Around Smithport the I coal outcrops prominently on all 
the roads and has been opened at a number of places. One-third 
mile north of Smithport (Dd 15) the coal shows under a dark drab 
shale: 4 inches of bone; 16 inches of cubical or short-grained coal; 
34 inches of stick or long-grained coal; on a bone floor. Three- 
quarters of a mile west of Smithport (Cd 8) the same coal shows 
17 inches of cubical coal under black and drab to pink shale; 22 
inches of long-grained or stick coal; and at the bottom 20 inches of 
medium long-grained coal. At the east end of the village(Dd 17) 
the E is reported 5 feet thick; and one mile north (Dd 21) as 4 feet 
10 inches thick. The D coal is reported as split near Smithport, the 
upper bench measuring 1 foot 6 inches and the lower bench 7 feet 
at one point and 5 feet at another. 


Along Horton Run and in the ridge southwest of that run the E 
and B coals have been worked. In the Indiana No. 8 mine (De 16), 
on the FE bed, the coal is overlain with 0 to 2 inches of bony coal, 
with a 5-foot roof of sandy shale. The coal is about 314 feet thick. 
The D coal 42 feet under this is reported as 2 feet 4 inches thick. 
At the Indiana No. 2 mine (De 10) the B coal is being worked at 
1456 feet above sea level. The coal is 3 feet thick, overlain by sandy 


GIPSY DISTRICT aie a | 


shale 3 fect plus, and underlain by hard bony coal 6 to 8 inches and 
that by clay. At the Indiana No. 3 mine (De 9), 1723 feet above sea 
level, again on the E coal, the coal is from 214 to 4 feet thick, aver- 
aging 314 feet, overlain by 4 to 6 inches of bony coal under sandy 
shale, and underlain by one inch of bone and that by 4 to 6 inches of 
coal, over clay. The D coal at this point is reported as 18 inches 
to 2 feet thick to the north and as 4 feet thick at the south. The 
second opening on the B coal at the Indiana No. 4 mine (De 10), 
shows: drab shale, 2 feet plus; coal, 32 inches; clay, 214 inches; 
coal, 1 inch; clay, 44 to 12 inches; coal, 8 inches. Another measure- 
ment not far distant gave 44 inches of solid coal. Under the E coa) 
in this ridge the D coal is found 'to range from 18 inches up to 4 
feet in thickness. The E and D coals occur in the top of this ridge 
with a maximum cover of about 100 feet and descend to the southeast 
at about the same rate as the hill. The B has been opened at De 1 
and 2. It is reported 4 feet thick at De 1 and 4 feet 6 inches at De 2. 


GIPSY DISTRICT 
Introductory statement. 


The Gipsy district includes the land lying between Little Mahon- 
ing Creek and East Run on the west and Cush Creek on the east 
and between Salsgiver Run on the north and the south edge of the 
quadrangle. It includes the mining towns of Gipsy and Wilgus 
and the post offices of Hillsdale and East Run. The divide between 
the drainage to the Atlantic and to the Gulf of Mexico passes through 
this district in the form of a very irregular divide, extending 
around the heads of offsetting streams. The streams on the east 
flow by way of Cush Creek to the West Branch of the Susque- 
hanna while those on the west flow directly to Little Mahoning Creek 
and East Run. There is little flat ground in the area, except small 
portions of the divide between Cush Creek and the branch flowing 
past Gipsy and Wilgus, and around Hillsdale. The rest of the dis- 
trict consists for the most part of steep slopes, in the main too 
steep to be cultivated. The higher parts of the ridges reach 1900 
feet, while the valleys on either side are about 1400 feet in elevation. 
The New York Central Railroad enters the district, extending to the 
mines above Gipsy and Wilgus, and follows the east side of the dis- 
trict to Arcadia. Logging branches have been run from Gipsy over 
into the valley of Little Mahoning Creek. 


Stratigraphy. 


The outcropping rocks of the district consist of the Conemaugh 
and Allegheny groups. Toward the north the Conemaugh is confined 


112 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


to the tops of the ridges. The ridges east and west of Wilgus contain 
300 feet or more of Conemaugh rocks. |No workable coal has been 
observed in the Conemaugh, nor is there any one stratum of sand- 
stone or other rock that serves as a good marker or key horizon. 
Two fairly massive sandstones appear to form the crest west of 
Arcadia. The uppermost of these, caps the ridge directly west of 
Arcadia, and was estimated to lie 350 feet above the E coal. A still 
more massive sandstone caps the ridge north of that. It was esti- 
mated to lie about 280 feet above the E. The lower of these two 
sandstones is believed to correspond with the Hillsdale sandstone, 
as described in the Barnesboro-Patton Folio and may correspond 
with the Saltsburg sandstone of the folios covering the areas farther 
to the west. 

The Allegheny group outcrops over practically all of the hill slopes 
in the north part of the district, except the crests of ‘the ridges, and 
over most of the hill slopes in the western and northwest part of the 
district; but it is under Cush Creek south of Arcadia. 

In this district the E coal is predominant, and has proved to be 
extremely regular in its section and thickness, wherever it outcrops. 
Apparently it is thinning out in the southeast corner under Hills- 
dale. The D coal appears to be thin over most of the district, though 
probably reaching workable thickness locally. The B coal is re- 
ported of workable thickness in some of the drill holes but in other 
sections no coal over 2 feet thick was found in its position, so it is not 
certain 'that a coal at that horizon will be uniformly workable 
under the district. The Allegheny group as shown in cuts, and 
by drill holes, is mainly shale, though several beds of sandstone 
appear, especially toward the base of the group. 


Structure. 


The axis of the Chestnut Ridge anticline runs through this dis- 
trict west of the center. The axis passes through East Run settie- 
ment and Smithport, and three-quarters of a mile west of Gipsy. 
Along the crest of the anticline, through most of the district the 
E coal has an elevation of between 1750 and 1800 feet above sea 
level, descending to 1850 feet at Hillsdale. Near East Run settle- 
ment the crest of the anticline becomes lower, and the E coal is 
less than 1650 feet in elevation at the south line of the quadrangle. 
On the west side of the anticline there is a slight descent to Little 
Mahoning Creek at Nashville. 


Distribution of resources. 


In the north and west part of this district the FE coal occurs in 
rather narrow detached areas in the hilltops; but to the east and 


GIPSY DISTRICT 1138 


south the dip carries it rapidly down to and under water level. 
North of Gipsy this bed underlies an irregular area, almost cut 
into detached areas at the two gaps north of that town, and separ- 
ated from two detached areas on the west and one on the east. 
The E is being mined comimercially at a number of points. At the 
Indiana No. 6 mine (Ce 7) the E coal is from 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches 
thick, with a 1 to 2 inch parting 8 to 10 inches from the bottom. 
The roof is shale and very good, with 7 inches of bone between the 
shale and coal. The floor is clay. The D coal lies about 40 feet 
lower here. To the northeast of Gipsy and around Logan are the 
Hillsboro mines on the E coal. At the Hillsdale No. 8 at Logan 
(De 7) the coal is 3 feet 10 inches thick with 41% inches of bone on 
top and 11% inch parting 6 inches from the bottom. The E coal has 
been worked at the Martin bank 14 mile southeast of Logan (De 12); 
at the J. R. Smith bank (De 21); and at the Hillsdale No. 1 (De11). 
The D outcrops in the road just below the last named mine. Under 
the Martin bank the Trojan No. 3 mine is working the B coal by a 
slope. The bed is 34-86 inches of coal, overlain by 4 inches of boney 
coal. At the Buchannon bank just north of Gipsy (Ce 14) the BE 
coal is 46 inches thick with 6 inches of bone on top; and a 1- to 
2-inch parting 6 inches from the bottom. The Trojan No. 2 mine 
one mile northwest of Gipsy (Ce 25) is on the D (?) coal which 
here is three feet thick with a bony binder one foot from the bottom. 
At the Hoffman bank one mile northwest of Gipsy (Ce 22) the coal is 
4 feet 3 inches, with bone top 6 inches, and parting one inch thick 
6 inches from the bottom. At the Alexander Gorman bank 114 
mile west of Gipsy (Ce 23) the coal is 50 inches, including 1-inch 
parting of shale 7 inches from the bottom, but the top Done has 
thickened up to about 12 inches. The E coal extends out under 
the top of the ridge toward Robertsville and has been worked at Ce 1 
and 2. Below the last, the D coal has been opened at Ce 8, On the 
road down to Robertsville the B coal outcrops at Be 5, accompanied 
by the Clarion flint clay; the A and the A’ coals outcrop in the road 
close to the bottom lands. 

On the top of the ridge, one mile west of Gipsy, both the E and D 
coals are cut out at the gap between the two Gorman Runs. Just 
south of the gap is the Arcadia No. 44 (old No. 8) mine (Ce 12) 
which was opened in 1905. The main bench of the E coal here runs 
from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet, with 4 to 6 inches of coal below a 
one-inch binder. The top bone is from 8 to 10 inches thick. The 
D coal 22 inches thick outcrops about 30 feet below, at (Ce 11). 
From this point the E coal underlies the crest of the ridge in a 
narrow irregular belt extending out the spurs. It has been opened 
at the James Gorman+bank (Ce 16); at the Carnahan bank (Ce 18), 
and at other places (Ce 17, 20 and 21). 


Sb 


‘ 
114 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Several of the coals outcrop on the road from Nashville to the 
top of the ridge. The E coal outcrops at the top of the hill three- 
quarters of a mile southeast of Nashville and is underlain as usual 
with a bed of flint clay, offering some promise at this point. At an 
elevation of about 1660 feet is an outcrop probably of the C’ coal, 
overlain with coarse-grained sandstone; at 1580 feet, an exposure of 
the C coal, overlain with drab and pink clay shale, the coal being 
at least 18 inches thick. At about 1480 feet is an old opening on 
what may be the A coal. This is at Nashville and about 40 feet above 
the creek. 

On the opposite side of the ridge facing the west fork of Cush 
Creek the E coal has a somewhat larger body, for the axis of the 
anticline here lies west of the top of the ridge and the dip carries 
the coal down well toward the valley on the east side. The E coal 
has been opened at the Dubendorf bank one-half mile north of Wilgus 
(Cf 4), at the Arcadia No. 3 mine (old No. 4) at Wilgus (Cf 5), and 
at the Indiana No. 5 mine (Cf 6). At the Arcadia mine, the old 
A. B. Clark bank, the coal is 4 feet thick and overlain by 11 inches 
of bone. Here, as in many of these mines, the top or all of the bone 
is considered to grade into a cannel coal. At the Indiana No. 5 
also, the coal is 4 feet thick, the 14-inch bony binder coming 3 inches 
from the bottom; the bony top here is up to 8 inches thick. The dip 
carries all of the coals below drainage on the north fork of Cush 
Creek a short distance above the Indiana No. 5 mine. To the south- 
west and west of this the anticline keeps the coals well up in the ridge. 
The EK has been opened at Cf 1, 2 and 3, at the Wells bank (Bf 7), 
and at Mrs. Spicher’s bank (Cf 8) on the head of Rairigh Run. 
At the Wells bank the main bench is somewhat thinner than to 
the north, being 27 inches, and the bone top has thickened to 14 
inches. The bottom bench is 6 inches thick as usual. This condition 
is probabiy quite local, as at Mrs. Spicher’s ‘bank the coal is 42 inches 
all told with the bone top only 6 inches. 

In the ridge between Rairigh Run and [ast Run, the E coal is 
worked at the J. A. Numann bank (Bf 8). The coa] here measures 
only 3 feet with sandstone roof; the shale floor, 4 inches thick, over- 
lies 18 inches to 2 feet of clay. Three-quarters of a mile east of 
East Run settlement the same coal has been opened by Westover and 
Baker (Cf 11). Here the coal has the same typical section that it 
shows all through the region to the northeast. The section igs: bony 
coal, 4 to 6 inches under hard brown sandy shale; coal, 3 feet 7 inches; 
shale, 1 inch; coal, 4 inches; light drab clay. The dip has brought 
the coal down nearly to water level. The D outcrops in the road 
one-half mile east of East Run (Bf 9) and is reported 4 feet 4 inches 
thick, some 40 feet below the E coal at the mine. Just off the quad- 
rangle, south of Kast Run, the EK has been opened, underlain by 


BURNSIDE DISTRICT 115 


flint clay and the D outcrops 26 feet below. The E bed and the other 
Allegheny coals go below drainage to the eastward and will be found 
more than 200 feet below water level at Hillsdale. 

In the ridge between the north and south forks of Cush Creek the 
E coal has been opened at the Alexander Irwin bank at Wilgus (Cf 
7) where the coal is 38 inches thick, overlain by 714 inches of bone; 
and at the B. Smith banks where the coal is 4 feet thick, including 
the one-inch shale parting 6 inches from the bottom; the coal is over- 
lain by 5 inches of bone. Though this is a small mine the drift has 
been driven entirely through the hill (Ce 22-28). The E coal 
has been opened again at the Bennett bank three-quarters of a mile 
southwest of Hooverhurst (De 17) where the coal is 3 feet 10 inches 
thick, including one inch of shale, 3 inches from the bottom, and 
overlain by 4% inches of bony coal. Around Arcadia the E coal 
is being extensively mined at the Arcadia No. 1 and 2 mines and the 
Victor No. 11 and 14 mines. The dip here brought the coal down 
close to water level so that it goes under drainage before reaching 
Victor No. 14 mine. The coal maintains its thickness through these 
mines, ranging up to 4 feet thick, and down to a minimum of about 
one foot, with an average of about 314 feet, and with the bony top 
ranging to 4 inches thick. 


BURNSIDE DISTRICT 


Introductory statement. 


The Burnside district includes the southeast corner of the quad- 
rangle or that part of the quadrangle lying east and south of Cush 
Creek and of the West Branch of Susquehanna River below the 
mouth of Cush Creek. The West Branch of the Susquehanna River 
crosses the district, in a deep trench with alternating wide and 
narrow bottom. Between Cush Creek and the Susquehanna the 
ridges are flat-topped at an elevation of 1600 feet. Some of the 
streams have little grade in their upper courses and steep grade 
near the mouth. East of the Susquehanna the divide is higher and 
the ridge tops are narrower. The New York Central and Pennsyl- 
vania railroads enter and cross this district, and afford good trans- 
portation facilities. The Allegheny coals are below drainage under 
practically all of the south part of this district. The EH, D and B 
coals are workable at least in part of the district, though but little 
over 2 to 214 feet thick. 


Stratigraphy. 


The outcropping rocks extend from near the middle of the Cone- 
maugh group to the top of the Pottsville series. The rocks out- 


116 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


cropping between Cush Creek and Susquehanna River are practically 
all of Conemaugh age. The top of the Allegheny outcrops around 
the foot of the bluff near Glen Campbell to Dowler Junction and 
Burnside. East of the Susquehanna the rocks are all of Conemaugh 
age from the south edge of the quadrangle as far north as Burnside. 
There the Allegheny rises above drainage and outcrops along the 
flanks of the ridge below Burnside, but gradually rising to 200 feet 
above the river on the ridge near McGees Mills; and in the north part 
of the district the top of the Pottsville rises above the level of the 
Susquehanna. 


About 350 feet of the Conemaugh group outcrop in the high hills 
along the axis of the Brush Valley syncline. 


The stratigraphy of this district has not been worked out so saan 
as in some other districts, owing to the fact that the Allegheny coals 
are below drainage under practically the entire district, and only 
a few drill holes have penetrated them, and those holes are so scatter- 
ed that with the usual variation in the coals, it has not always been 
possible to determine the exact correlation of the coals. At 
the north and west the FE coal is regularly present and workable. 
To the southeast of this area in the Barnesboro quadrangle the E 
coal is inconspicuous, and the D coal is the principal upper coal. In 
the records of some of the drill holes in this area it is difficult to 
decide whether the first coal encountered is the E or D. Indeed in 
some it would appear that both the E and D were absent. Those 
holes that went deep enough, encountered a fairly regular workable 
coal, assumed to be the B, about 200 feet below the E. In some of 
the holes the position of the E coal was calculated from the position 
of a coal supposed to be the B. 


The surface rocks, like those of the Conemaugh group elsewhere 
in the quadrangle, contain no constant “key” rocks or coals. In 
some areas the top of a sandstone can be traced for a short distance, 
and locally and with less certainty for considerable distances. As 
a whole, outcrops are scarce in this district. 

Albegheny group. The Allegheny group appears to have the usual 
thickness of about 300 feet. Most of the drill holes have gotten down 
only to coal considered to be the B, which is about 200 feet below the 
E coal. In the interval between are sandstones and shales, without 
any discernible regularity, and coal beds that would seem to occupy 
the positions of the D, C’ and C coals. Of these five coals the BE. 
appears to be workable over most of the north part of the area, and 
probably the west part, the thickness ranging from 2 to 4 feet vite an 
average in that part of the district of over 3 feet. Toward the south- 
west corner of the quadrangle the EK coal appears to become too thin 
to work, often only a few inches. 


BURNSIDE DISTRICT 117 


The D coal is of variable thickness and occurs at a variable dis- 
tance below the E. At Arcadia it is from 20 to 30 feet below, aver- 
aging about 25 feet. In the southeast corner they are often only 10 
to 20 feet apart. Over much of the area they appear to be 40 to 50 
feet apart. The D coal here is usually less than 2 feet thick, and often 
less than 1 foot, though locally it reaches a thickness of 3 feet or 
more. It is mined at Burnside. 

The C and C’ coals are usually less than 18 inches thick, in many 
sections less than one foot. Locally one or the other has a thick- 
ness of 2 to 5 feet and may prove to contain a small quantity of work- 
able coal. 

The B coal has a thickness of 2 feet or more in most of the drill 
holes. In some it is over 8 feet. In some of the drill holes there appear 
to ibe two coals at this horizon within ten feet of each other, though 
usually only one of them is workable. This bed will average prob- 
ably 2 feet 6 inches thick. 

Conemaugh group. The Conemaugh group, which forms the sur- 
face of all except the Susquehanna valley north of Burnside and the 
valley of Cush Creek to Arcadia, has remaining a maximum thick- 
ness of about 350 feet. An indefinite thickness has been removed by 
erosion. The group is composed principally of shaly sandstone and 
sandy shales, with a clay and coal. The first 50 feet or so above the 
E coal is generally shaly though in some areas it is sandy, and in the 
record of one drill hole is reported as a conglomerate.. Near the top 
of this interval the Mahoning sandstone is found locally, and some- 
times a few inches of coal or bone. The beds at the base of the Cone- 
maugh group show well in a railroad cut just southwest of Burn- 
side. Between the Mahoning coal horizon and the horizon of the 
Brush Creek coal is usually a sandstone which is locally quite mas- 
sive. It shows in many places in the valley of the West Branch of 
the Susquehanna, south of Burnside and on Beaver Run in the south- 
east corner of the quadrangle. Its presence may explain a long 
stretch of level bottom land on Rock Run gouthwest of Burnside. 

Above this sandstone a few traces of the Brush Creek coal were | 
found, but in general the coal appears to be absent. The Brush Creek 
limestone is present more frequently than the coal. Above this 
horizon is usually 40 to 60 feet of shale. At the top of this shale 
is a band of red shale, which is exposed in a few localities, as at a 
watering trough near the top of the hill on the road west from Burn- 
side; also on the road at the head of North Run, east of Bellnap. 
This is at the horizon of the “lower red shales,” below the Bakers- 
town coal. This coal crops out at a number of points. It has been 
opened on a knob 114 miles southeast of Patchinville and is reported 
as 28 inches thick. Above this is commonly a sandstone, whose top 


118 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


is about 280 feet above the E coal. This would appear to be in the 
position of the top of the Saltsburg sandstone. This sandstone makes 
flat benches and broad stream bottoms around Hillsdale, Bowder- 
town and northeast toward Rock Run and in places on the east side 
of the Susquehanna. It is nowhere very massive and is easily con- 
fused with a similar sandstone that appears to be about 50 feet 
above it. Just above the top of the Saltsburg sandstone is a coal that 
is persistently met with in blooms on the roads. 

Above this coal is shale with another coal 20 to 50 feet above the 
first. These two coals are so close together stratigraphically that 
it is difficult in many cases to know to which of the two a given out- 
crop belongs, as the two are seldom seen in the same hill. Attempts 
to mine what is considered to be the upper of the two coals has been 
made southeast of Bowdertown (Df 7). Above the upper of these 
two coals is a sandstone that caps the ridges about a mile west of the 
West Branch of the Susquehanna near Patchinville; also the top of 
the ridge 14% miles east of Patchinville. This sandstone appears 
to be about at the position of the Morgantown. On that basis the 
lower of the two coals just mentioned may be the Harlem and the 
higher the Barton coal. 


Structure. 


The Brush Valley syncline passes through the middle of this dis- 
trict in a northeast-southwest direction, and as a result the various 
strata are low as compared with the elevation in other districts. 
Thus on the axis of the syncline two miles east of Bowdertown the 
IX coal is only about 1250 feet above sea level, rising to 1300 feet just 
east of Burnside. From 1250 feet on Shryock Run the E rises to the 
northwest to 1450 feet at Arcadia. It has about the same elevation 
on Cush Creek at Glen Campbell, and is a little lower at Cush Creek 
Junction. Toward the north end of this district the rise carries the 
E coal well into the hills at an elevation of 1550 feet above sea level 
and near McGees Mills it would be at 1600 feet if not eroded. In 
the southeast corner of the quadrangle the E coal rises to the east 
to 1400 feet above sea level. The B coal should be found about 200 
feet lower than the E all through this district. 


Coal beds. 


The coals of the Allegheny group are entirely below drainage in 
this district except in the lower part of Cush Creek Valley and the 
valley of West Branch of Susquehanna River below Burnside. The E 
and D coals outcrop around the north end of the area between 
Cush Creek and West Branch of Susquehanna River and all the coals 


BURNSIDE DISTRICT , 119 


are brought to daylight on the east side of the river toward the north 
end of this district, around McGees. 


The EK coal around Arcadia and to the north has the same general 
section as in the Gipsy district to the west—that is, a bench a few 
inches thick at the base, then a parting 1 to 5 inches thick, then a 
main bench of coal with bony coal on top. | 


Just south of Glen Campbell are the Indiana No. 1 (Ee 9) and 7 
(He 10) mines on what is believed to be the E coal. The coal there 
shows the bottom bench 3 or 4 inches thick, then a parting from 6 
to 15 inches thick, then in the case of the No. 1 mine 30 inches of 
coal separated from 18 inches of coal above by 3 to 4 inches of cannel 
or bony coal. Still above that are 7 inches of shale, 2 inches of coal 
and 6 inches of bony or cannel coal. At the No. 7 mine are: first, 
(from the bottom) 4 inches of coal, 12 to 18 inches of clay, 6 inches 
of coal, 6 inches of clay, then a main bench, 24 to 33 inches of coal. 
Half a mile below the mouth of Brady Run (Ee 15) the E coal is 
reported to contain 5 inches of coal in the bottom bench and 17 inch- 
es of coal in the top bench separated by 5 inches of shale. The D 
coal at this point is reported as 28 inches thick. At the Eliza White 
mine (Ee 16) the E coal was reported to show 28 inches of coal at 
the bottom, 2 inches of parting, 13 inches of coal and 6 inches of 
bone. At the Gardner bank (Ee 21) 14 mile south of Dowler Junc- 
tion the coal shows a bottom bench 24 inches, parting 3 inches, middle 
bench 10 inches, parting 8 inches, upper bench 10 inches. West of 
Burnside are the Empire G mine (now Glenwood No. 14) and the 
Glenwood Spring No. 10 mine (Ee 18 and 17) at elevations of 1363 
and 1551 feet, respectively. At the former the coal measured: bottom 
bench, 19 inches; sandstone parting, 2 inches; middle bench, 18 inch- 
es; parting, 2 inches; top bench, 16 inches; over which is one foot or 
less of bony coal with a shale roof. Just northeast of Burnside is 
the John Patchin bank (Fe 6), where the E coal shows: coal, 31 inch- 
es: parting 1% inch to 0; middle bench, 4 inches; parting, 14 inch, 
upper bench, 2 inches; and shale roof. South of that point all the 
coals are helow drainage, while to the north the E and D coals gradu- 
ally climb toward the top of the hill. One mile northeast of Bellnap 
and about 190 feet above the river ig the Mount Airie mine on the 
FE coal. Under a strong shale roof is one or two inches of bony coal, 
a main bench 2 feet 8 inches thick, a 1-inch parting, and a bottom 
bench of 4 to 6 inches of coal. The mine is equipped with electricity 
and all coal cut by machine. 


In the railroad cut on the New York Central just south of where 
it crosses the river (Fd 1) is an exposure of the © coal showing a 
lower bench of 10 inches and upper bench of 24 inches, separated by 
15 inches of black shale. The same coal on the north side of the river 


120 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


(Fd 4) is 28 inches thick under a sandstone roof. In general the E 
coal is workable under most of the district, ranging from 2 to 4 feet 
in thickness, though apparently thin in the southeast corner of the 
district. The D coal appears to be thin in most of the district, usu- . 
ally under 3 feet and often showing only a few: inches, or is absent 
altogether, though in a few sections showing 2 feet or more and up 
to 2 feet 9 inches locally. The Lower Kittanning or B coal in most 
sections shows a workable thickness, usually over 2 feet and up to 
3 feet or a little over. Toward the southeast this bed appears to be 
split into two benches and locally both benches are workable. The A 
coal is 4 feet thick around McGees on the north side of the river, 
and though not seen in the Burnside district may be assumed to main- 
tain a workable thickness under at least part of the north end of 
the district. 

In addition to the Allegheny coals already mentioned the map 
shows the outcrops of coals in the Conemaugh formation at the Bakers- 
town and Harlem horizons. These coals reach a thickness of 18 
inches in places and may be found locally to be even thicker, but as 
a rule, cannot be classed at present as workable coals. The Bakers- 
town coal is about 230 feet above the E, the Harlem coal 40 to 50 feet 
higher. 


COAL RESERVES. 
Method of computing. 


In the following table are shown the approximate acreage of each 
township or that part of it included in this quadrangle. Under each 
township is given the area within that township (within the quad- 
rangle) underlain by each of the principal coal beds. These areas 
were determined by placing cross section paper over the map showing 
the coal outcrops. The cross section paper was divided into 64 
squares to the square inch, each square being equal to 10 acres on 
the map having a horizontal scale of one mile equals one inch. The 
squares were counted if more than half underlain by the coal bed 
and rejected if less than half underlain. This method is probably as 
accurate as the accuracy of the outcrop lines would warrant. 

Then all the measurements in a given coal bed in a township were 
brought together, including those from mines, outcrops, and drill 
records. The latter, in some instances, far outnumbered the former. 
These were then divided into three groups: those over two feet; 
those between two feet and one foot; and those under one foot in 
thickness. In recording these thicknesses the net thickness only 
was used; that is, the thickness left after rejecting any minor benches 


separated from the main bench by a parting of greater thickness — 


than the coal bench or if the parting was thinner than coal bench, 
there was added to the thickness of the major bench only the differ- 


COAL RESERVES 121 


ence in thickness of the minor bench and the parting. The purpose 
of such procedure is, if possible, to use such a measurement as would, 
if it represented solid coal, be about equivalent to the split-up bed. 
Two examples will illustrate the method. For example, coal section 
No. 5, figure 7 reads: bone coal, 5’; coal, 16”; bone coal, 5”; coal 
9”; a total of 35”. Obviously this is not equal to a 35” bed of solid 
coal. Rejecting the 5-inch layer of bone coal at the top, the remain- 
der is still not equal to a 30-inch bed of solid coal. Ag the bottom 9- 
inch bench of coal is thicker than the overlying 5-inch band of bone 
coal, it may pay to work. If so, the bed as a whole is worth more than 
a 16-inch bed of coal. It has seemed that an arbitrary rule of sub- 
tracting the 5-inch from the 9-inch and adding the 4-inch remaining 
to the 16-inch of the major bench would be both a fair and simple 
rule. That bed is treated then as equivalent to a 20-inch bed. The 
‘net thickness” of section 19, figure 7 would be computed by adding 
to the thickness of the main bench (24’’), 4 inches‘for the middle 
bench (6” - 2”) and 14 inches for the upper bench (18” - 4’’), so that 
while the bed actually contains 4 feet of coal it is assumed to be 
equivalent in value to a solid bed 42 inches thick. 


Returning to the three groups of sections—first, the average was 
obtained of all of those over 2 feet thick and this, reduced to the next 
lower 14 of a foot, is given in the column under the head of “coal 
more than 2 feet thick.” An average thickness of 18 inches was 
assumed for the coals between one and two feet thick unless a large 
number of sections indicated a lower or higher average. Then an 
estimate was made of the proportion of the area underlain by coal 
over 2 feet thick, by coal between 1 and 2 feet and by coal under one 
foot or where lacking entirely. ‘These figures are quite arbitrary 
and, doubtless, with the same data, would hardly be estimated ex- 
actly alike by any two persons or even by the same person at two 
different times. Where the data were mainly drill records, the pro- 
portion of a given area assigned to one of the three thicknesses has 
been determined by the proportion of measurements in the three 
groups. For example, in a particular case, a certain bed in one of 
the townships underlies 5400 acres. Of the 18 measurements on that 
bed, 4 were less than one foot thick, 8 between one and two feet thick, 
and 6 over 2 feet. Accordingly, the acreage was divided into 1800 
acres as underlain by coal over 2 feet thick, and 2400 acreg ag under- 
lain by coal between one and two feet thick, and 1200 acres as con- 
taining no coal at that horizon or as underlain by coal below one 
foot in thickness. 


In general, the data used. were measured sections, partly from 
commercial mines, partly from neighborhood openings. Experience 
has shown that these measurements average as a rule above the 


122 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


average of the district, for the reason that the commercial mines are 
usually located only after a study of the field and in the areas of 
the thickest and best coal. In like manner, openings made by farm- 
ers are kept open only if the coal is of fair thickness. Openings 
made where the coal proves to be thin are allowed to fall shut again 
and are soon forgotten. For this reason, in estimating the area 
assumed to be underlain by the three different thicknesses, a general 
knowledge of the bed is taken into consideration, as well as knowl- 
edge of local conditions. Thus, in the Punxsutawney quadrangle, 
the B coal is exposed in only a few areas. Several measurements 
around McGees and Mahaffey indicate a thickness of a little under 
two feet with a tendency to thicken away from that area,—the 
thickness apparently ranging around 3 feet near Glen Campbell 
and in North Bell township, Clearfield County, and in the upper 
waters of Little Mahoning Creek. It might be assumed, therefore, that 
the B bed in this area ranges from 3 feet to a little less than 2 feet 
in thickness and the area divided up accordingly. 

Where, as in this instance, local data are scarce, conservative 
figures have been assumed which it is felt will probably be within the 
truth. For that reason the figures for the areas assumed to be under- 
lain by coal less than one foot thick are large for some of the beds 
even though, in many of 'the townships, no measurements of such 
thin coal were obtained. In the table, this figure in any township 
is the difference between the total area underlain by the coal and 
the area assumed to be underlain by coal more than one foot thick. 
Thus, in MceGilpin township there are assumed to be 300 acres of E 
coal, averaging 21% feet thick, 200 acres averaging one foot thick, 
and the remainder (820 acres) is assumed to be underlain by coal 
less than one foot thick or to be entirely lacking in coal. 

In determining the area of very thin coal, that is, less than one 
foot thick, account is taken of any known local conditions, such 
as channels which cut out the coal, and the general regularity or 
irregularity of the beds as determined by a study of the variations 
over a Wide area. Thus, the usual regularity of the E and B beds has 
been recognized in making the estimates. The writer has had oppor- 
tunity to study each of those beds where exposed more or less con- 
tinously for several miles in railroad cuts, as in valleys following 
the strike of the rocks. The other four beds, on the contrary, are 
characteristically variable and added allowance of thin and very 
thin coal has been made in the case of those beds. 

The line has been drawn between coal beds one foot and those 
less than one foot thick, and between those two feet or more and 
those less than two feet, on the assumption that coal beds less than 
one foot thick may not be considered of any value at the present time 


COAL RESERVES 123 


or in the near future, while the coal beds between one and two feet 
thick may be classed as reserves hardly workable under present con- 
ditions except in connection with the working of the underclay or 
the overlying shale or other rock. Coal beds more than two feet thick 
are assumed to be minable at. present or will be in the very near 
future. The lower limit of workability has steadily decreased from 
4 or 5 feet, in the early days of mining in this region, to 2 feet or 
2% feet at the present time. Indeed some commercial mining has 
been done on coals that ran below 24 inches thick, where the average 
of the mine was above that figure. 

The township is made the unit of area in computing reserves in 
the belief that the most frequent demand for such figures will be 
by counties and townships. The figures in the following table repre- 
sent only that part of each township that is in the Punxsutawney 
quadrangle. No allowance has been made for coal mined out. The 
estimates are based on 1800 tons per acre-foot. 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


124 


e 


000‘000‘SL 


000‘ 005 ‘LF 
000‘000‘I 
000‘ 000‘F 
900‘ 00S‘ L 
000‘000‘8T 
000‘000‘9 





asvuu04 
JON 











000‘ 000° 
000 ‘009 ‘ 
000‘000‘22 
090‘002 ‘2 
000‘003¢‘F 
G00‘ 008 “OT 
000°006“8T 





esBuuo0y 
[840.L 





esBol0y 





SSoUYOIYY 
OSBIIAY 


Yay) 4997 Z UBY} sv1OUL [VOD 














000‘08 0S 
000 ‘008 ‘OT 
000‘ 006 *9T 
000°00T ‘8 
000 ‘009 *s 
000‘ 00“ 
000‘0G0‘F 


000‘ 009 ‘99 
000006 ‘ST 
000‘00¢‘ST 
000‘00S ‘ST 
000°006°2 

000 ‘008 ‘OT 
000*00T ‘8 


000 ‘00S ‘TS 
000 ‘008 ‘OT 
000‘008 ‘OT 
000‘ 008 ‘OT 
000 “OOF S 
000 ‘00% “@ 
000 ‘001 ‘8 


000‘0S6 ‘F 
000‘0Ss ‘I 
0000S8 *T 
000‘0Gs ‘T 
000° 0 


esvuu04 
1R10L 





osBolIy 








ssouyolyy 
osvIOAV 





Yq} “47 Z pue T usayaq [vog 








(oJ suUBIPBNnHD 
Urq }IM.) 
9sv010B 

[eyo 








Lee a aa a” 29 


"dd [IPISBD 


*S[TB1O.J, 
2? V 
» 
> Oo 


» “& 
a 


9? 


[eoo W 
"dM4 [led 


*s[B107, 
93 Va 


-------------------------------------- *dMy sunox 


*s[RIOL 


3? 


“dM JUOWlBOIW 
‘OO NOSURAAAL 





Speq [80D 
sdiysuMo,y, 
sotqyunog 








suo, Zu0ys ws ‘ajpbunapond haunnynsrund ay. UW saasasagy 1009 


125 


COAL RESERVES 























000‘000‘S 000‘ 00F 'S 00e ‘T V3 
000‘ 0¢2‘Z 000 ‘0S6 *F 000‘T WG 
000‘000‘S 000000 ‘6 000‘ OK 
000 ‘000 ‘FI 000 ‘002 ‘SZ 000 ‘F 28 
609 ‘'ZEe's (O00 90 is a ee ee 
000‘ 00F 000‘ 02, 00% we 
000‘ 00T ‘T 000 ‘086 ‘T 00F WOUG 
000‘ 00F 000‘0Z2, 00G & 
000‘ S26 000 ‘G6 00T AK 
006‘ LT 000‘ 9az 0G A 
000 ‘08z 000 “FOG 08 28 
OOO 5 | 000 eae 
000°006_ | 000‘0%9'T | 008 eee 
000 ‘002 ‘T 000‘091*% 00F #& 
000002 ‘¢ 000‘ 092,‘ 008 ¥ 
000‘000'68 __|_ 000‘008'90T \7 TTT 
Q00*000"St | 000°000'26 | 000°@ | ioe 
000‘000‘ZI 000 ‘009 ‘ LB 000‘F a 
000‘000‘ZS (000‘009 ‘LG 000‘8 ¥ 
0005000 °S2 CUO TOS ae lms iaranccey (inte ar ae 
000‘ 006‘ LT 000‘00G* TS 000‘ i948 
000‘V0G‘ LT 00000‘ TS 000‘ PoP KS 
000‘000‘F 000 ‘1008 2 000°% be 
000 ‘000 'S 000‘000‘6 000‘Z WD 
000‘000‘6T 000 ‘009 ‘08 000'F we. 
000‘000‘¢T 000‘000‘2z 000 ‘F 8 
Bes = |. 000 008 Sia Mee eee 
000‘00¢ ‘2, 000‘ 006 ‘ST 000‘§ Oz 
000‘000'Z 000 ‘009‘¢ 000‘T w01G 
000‘ 0G ‘T 000‘ 0G‘ 00¢ AG 
000 006 ‘OT 000‘ 006‘ST. 000‘E 8 
000°00¢‘F 000‘00T ‘8 008 ‘T A 1G 














000006 ‘9T 
000006 ‘ST 
000‘ 008 “OT 


000 ‘00¢ ‘ST 
000‘002 ‘6 
000‘002 ‘2 
000 ‘OFZ ‘S 
000002‘ 
000 ‘030 ‘T 
000 ‘080‘T 


000‘ 009‘62T 
000‘000‘ 2a 
000‘000 ‘22 
000‘ 00F ‘ze 
000£000 522 
000 ‘008 “OT 
000‘ 00F *S 


000‘ 00T ‘z9 
000‘00¢ ‘ST 
000 ‘00S ‘ST 
000‘00¢ ‘ST 
000‘ 00S “ST 
000 ‘00T‘S 


0000865 
000‘00L‘8 
000‘00T‘8 
000‘ 00F ‘¢ 
000‘008‘T 
000‘001°Z 
000 ‘O8t ‘9 














01s ‘F 





[vod W 
‘day yuRIg 


‘s[Bq1OL, 
2) V 

39 si 

mo 
O 

ad 


39 “ 


*S[BqIO.L 
29 Vv 
el a 
» O 
? 7@) 


39 da 
[voo 


dM} SUITOR “N 


*s[BqOL 
» WV 
peaaek sf 
2 U) 
» 
Tee a! 
[voo W 
‘dM} 90UBD 


“OO VNVICNI 


“s[BIOL 
Teer ks 
iets & 
» O 
99 AO 


» 2 
[soo W 
“dM4 UOSIopusFT 


PUNXSUTAWNBEY QUADRANGLE 


126 


000‘ 006 ‘Gs 000‘006‘€9 | So |e oe 
000‘000‘% 000 ‘009 ‘S 000‘T 1G 
000‘ 000 ‘OT 000‘000‘ST 000°S 16 
000‘000°S 000 ‘009 “S 000‘T w 
000‘00¢‘Z 000‘00S ‘> 000‘T #9 WG 
000‘000 ‘OL 000000 “RT 000°F «9 1G 
000‘000‘6 000 ‘00z “9T 000° SS 
000 ‘00S 8G OOS 00: Ob tall ae <p meee 2 eemrate oo - 
000‘000‘SI 000 ‘000 ‘2 000‘F 0.8 
000‘0000z 000‘000 ‘9S 000‘8 WD 
000‘ 000‘ 000 ‘00 ‘2, 000°S 3G 
000‘ 000'2 000 ‘009 ‘S 000‘T IG 
000‘ 00G* 2 000‘ 00S ‘ST 000°S «9 1G 
000° 000°S 000 ‘0006 000°% 09K 
690‘00T‘S 0005 OGG" SF e | Reso mriertis gin betes orf 
000‘ 00F 000 “0GL 006 iG 
000‘0¢2, 000‘0GS ‘T 0s #9 1G 
000‘ 00F 000‘0Z2 006 4 
000‘ 002 000098 ° O0T 16 
0000S, 000‘0SS ‘T 008 9 iG 
000‘ 009 000‘080‘T 006 #0 
000 ‘0&3 ‘02 OOOS0C- OG tes |=" =: gr oeen | nk ae ere 
000 ‘000‘F 000 ‘006 ‘2 000‘S iG 
000‘000‘ST 000 ‘000 ‘22 000°¢ #0 % 
000‘000‘F 000002 ‘2, 000°S 1G 
000°00¢'S 000006 ‘6 000°% iG 
000°062‘ST 000 ‘062° F 000‘¢ WG 
000‘ 000 “82 000‘ 007 ‘0S 000‘8 0G 
000 ‘0621,'68 O00 OSGI ean bepereseemerra||'S em nt ott 
000‘000‘F 000 ‘002 ‘2, 000°S 0G 
000‘ 000‘ TT 000 ‘08 “6T 000 “F WG 
ae | | 

95 BUU0} 9sebUuu0} SSoUyOIyy 

49N 18210.L OSBI10V VSBIIAY 





——-: 





























YY} Joy Z UeY} o10W [BOD 








000009 ‘OT 
000‘006 ‘ET 
000‘00¢*ST 
000 ‘008 *F% 
000‘ 008 “FG 
000‘00¢" ST 
000‘00S ‘ET 


000 ‘006° 19 
000‘ 006 *9T 
000‘ 006 ‘9T 
000 ‘002 ‘9T. 
000° 008 * OT 
000‘ 00% *¢ 

000‘002° 


000‘ OZT‘F 
000‘ 0% 


000009 ‘GOT 
000‘ 006" ST 
000 ‘008 ‘Fé 
000 ‘009 ‘16 
000009 ‘TS 
000008 ‘OT 
000‘008‘0T 


000‘009 ‘SL 
000‘ 00¢‘ST 
000009 ‘TG 


eseuuo}y 
1840.0 








ee ee ee ee 


ra) 
=) 
zo) - - 





95 BI1IV 














*s[870.L 
29 
bed 
9 
92 


99 
[Boa 


. 


ACCA 


a 


*dM} opisuing 


*s[eIO0O.L 
33 
23 
39 
29 


99 
[voa 


s 


ACOA 


a 


dM} [loa 


*s[BqJOL 
9 
99 
22 
2? 


> 
[Boo 


Adomd 


ce 


‘day Apeig 
OO GCTEIAUVATO 


*STRIOL 


39 








yi} “3 J pu’ LT uaamjaq [VoD 


ponunusg—suo2, quoys ur ‘ajbunapongd haunpynscund aYy}2 Ut Sartosay 190i). 





#9 1 049 °ST 
#9 vl 0S9 ‘ZI 
w9 iT OTS ‘ZT 
ad iL 060 ‘ZT 
w9 iL 018 °TT 
w? iL OOL ‘TL 
Sa ae UA 0S¢°SI 
w9 iL OFS‘ LT 
#9 iL OOF‘ FI 
a9 iL 0z9‘ TT 
w9 iL 063 ‘8 
w9 iL 080‘9 
#9 iV O19‘ 
bet ian nag ree 002, ‘8T 
w9 il 006 
#9 il 006 
#9 il 003 
#9 iI 089 
#9 1 09S 
#9 iT 088 
~-—<<-=---: —— = 006 
Oat 086‘FT 
Oak O86‘ FL 
met 068 ST 
#9 iL 068 *ST 
iat 066 ‘CT 
it OLL*6L 
Saas ae OSC aL 
u9 iL OFT ‘FI 
il OSF ‘SI 
ssouyoryy 
edBIOAY (ojsuUBIpend 
Uz) 
gn BI10B 
1840.1 

















Sspeq [BOO 
sdiysuMo,y, 








a 
































COAL RESERVES 127 
Summary Table. 
Total by townships 
Reserves Available coal 
: Coal between 
Counties 1’ and 2 thick Coal over 2’ thick 
Townships Total Total Net tonnage 
tonnage tonnage (100 tons to 
acre-foot) 
Jefferson County (part) 
NicCaAlmont. twp.) CDaru eee ee eee eee 4,950, 000 9,340, 000 5,200,000 
(WouRns twp (Dart): see: oe ee ee 51,300, 000: 85, 500, 000 47,500,000 
REGUL iat BCD ce eA Ne ces iE US ra ee ee oe 66,600,000 122,400,000 68, 000, 000 
Gaskell: Gwe + Sek SO eee Re cae Re EO ees eet 50, 850’, 000 72,000, 000 40.100, 000 
Henderson twp. (part), ——-._---...- este eee 32,580, 000 46,350, 000 25,750, 000 
TEGO GaiS sie ae eee 8 pee eh ee ee eee De Sve, 206, 280 , 000: 335,590,000 186,550,000 
Indiana County (part) 
ESE TU LS SH CWDS ree tle rae Ne eee ee 62, 100, 000 136,800,000 78,000,000 
WAMOCRUVD we cee eee os re LE eee 129,600, 000 106, 200,000 59,000,000 
New Mahoning twa DALL)n eases =o ee eee 13,500, 000 9,540,000 5,300, C00 
He Mah onin es twp ye (aT b) kee ee ee Se es 3,510, 000: 4,644,000 2,582,560 
GLANG EWE CD allstar re Se ey oes 75,600,000 71,550,000 39,750,000 
Monteromery: twin, (Dari 2-2-2 oe ee eee 102), 600, 000 126, 450, 000 70,250,000 
TINO EELS aes wee eae ee es, Geen 2 ME BT 386,910,000 455,184,000 254,882,509 
Clearfield County (part) 
SHC mettre CDG TU eters meee ee eee wee ae 4,120,000 5,580,000 3,100,000 
SYST Teygay CST RH aD) eee Us dedi Bae hee eee 67,500,000 96 300), 000 53,500,000 
BELEN SI Gomes CDN ING neers a ie Be ee 102,600, 000 63,900, 000 35,500,000 
Ghia Sa eee ne om ee ts oe ee ee ae ee 174,220,000 165,780,000 92,100,000 
RGHSenrO Teele CLP AIL OLE | ae kes here a wi ye el 767,410,000 956 , 554,000: 583,532,500 
1,723,964 ,000 
Summary of coal by thickness, in short tons. 
Thickness Quantity Percentage 
eR LCC hie cols one) iota era's «seh ears 767,410,000 43 
Between 2 and 3 feet .......-... ' 360,970,000 20) 
Between 3 and 4 feet ... Seg eeES Pike 437,184,000 25 
Between 4 and 5 feet ........ igen 122,760,000 1 
Ovemmnear tiile ow se cid we eae 35,640,000 2 


Total 


Sie) ¢ @ 0 © @ @¢ #6 © 


1,723,964,000 


128 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE ~ 
HISTORY OF MINING. 


When this area was first examined by the Second Geological 
Survey no railroads entered or crossed the quadrangle, and no coal 
was shipped. A number of country banks providing -coal for local 
use were scattered here and there, notably north and northwest of 
Punxsutawney. When Jefferson County was reexamined in 1881, 
the area was still without railroads or commercial mining. The 
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway was built and commercial 
mining began around Punxsutawney in 1882 and 1883. 

This route and the Pennsylvania Division of the New York Central 
Lines have given the coal of the Punxsutawney quadrangle access 
to the market in central and western New York State and in New 
Kngland. A division of the Pennsylvania Railroad also carries the 
coal to New York City and New England. See Figure 26. 





a ROCHESTER gs 44 YOR 
[ Wp re 

















SS) NE 
sn “BUFFALO OY Geneva 
Titer 
ea OAM? ova Y O ih 
| pi aN { W ; g 
yah ie : « s 
Py t ‘ ; 
4 i eit ET ss ) 
! é EES SI hae, Sy TR gS Os Pipe lite SOREN ph 
10 ame oT ae 
one > y 
| va Q ay \ 
a We 4 \ 
v4 re) 4 é i 
ae ; S > 
< “k pers O Jersey Shore / 
| \ QF Clearfield sox ae i y) 
| *Punxstitawney eo 76 aoe 
? . 
We DER ANE ONS SOY) Li iM A 
rN AY ae 
i EES PITTSBURG * Auth Se 
| ne TARY \ RAM Ora 


‘ r é HARRISBURG \ 
| NO PHILADELPHIA 2h. 


rs 
| \ Nase Ae 
TED BG Els PIRES ae 2 SL ce NRT 


L ji : Ven 


FIGURE 26. Sketch map showing railroad transportation from the Punxsutawney 
district. 








In 1889, according to the State Mine Inspector’s report for that 
year, there were in operation at Punxsutawney the Walston mines 
Nos. 1, 2 and 3, Adrian mines Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and Eleanora mine 
No. 1, the last lying a little north of the quadrangle. The Walston 
No. 1 was even then approaching exhaustion. In addition to these, 
the report of 1891 mentions five mines near Glen Campbell: the Penn 
of Riekert Brothers; Glenwood Nos. 3 and 4, of the Glenwood Coal 
Company; and Urey Nos. 1 and 2, of Passmore & Company. Dur- 


HISTORY OF MINING eee 


ing the 10 years from 1890 to 1900 mining continued in the districts 
already noted, a number of new mines were opened, and mining 
began at Rossiter (in 1900), at Horton Run, Burnside, and Arcadia. 
Since then mining has been started on Clover Run and near Rich- 
mond. 


The mines near Punxsutawney have been large producers. For 
a number of years the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron 
Company’s group of mines north and northwest of Punxsutawney 
yielded over 3,000,000 tons of coal a year. By 1905 the Canoe Ridge 
mines were yielding nearly 1,000,000 tons yearly. The output of all 
of these large mines fell off steadily during the decade from 1905 to 
1915. In 1918, however, Adrian No. 1 was still producing almost 
500,000 tons, the Eleanora shaft over 600,000 tons, the Florence mines 
nearly 500,000 tons, and the Helvetia-Stanley mine, just west of the 
quadrangle over 500,000 tons, while the Canoe Ridge mines produced 
nearly 650,000 tons. The Arcadia mines, the same year, produced 
nearly 400,000 tons. At that time the Walston mines were nearly 
exhausted. The mines north of Punxsutawney were connected so 
that Florence, Scholler, Adrian, and Walston No. 3 all drained to 
the Elk Run shaft, where the water was lifted by large Jeans- 
ville pumps. 7 3 

By 1921 the Adrian and Elk Run mines were down to less than 
200,000 tons, Eleanora less than 100,000 tons, and the Walston mines 
had practically finished production. The Rossiter group of mines 
was still producing over 300,000 tons of coal a year, Victors Nos. 
11 and 14 were producing over 100,000 tons. Of the other mines the 
following produced over 40,000 tons during either 1921 or 1922; Ad- 
‘rian No. 5, Juneau No. 1, Frances mines, Onondago shaft, Big Run 
mines, Bowersville, Williams Run mines, McClure and Tyson, Super- 
ior mines, Banks mines. As 1921 and 1922 were years of small pro- 
du¢tions it is probable that in other years many other mines would 
show a production in excess of 40,000 tons per year. 


The following table originally consisted of the mines operating 
at the time the field work for this report was done. This was later 
supplemented by observations during several trips across the area. 
As now presented it contains in addition, the names of many mines 
opened since the field was personally visited by the writer. This 
data was furnished by Mr. T. J. Lewis, State mine inspector for the 
twelfth bituminous district. The mines on which data was so supplied 
are indicated by an asterisk. In several instances the correlation 
of coal beds has been changed. When so changed a question mark 
follows. It is probable that some of the mines listed, which were 
active 20 years: ago, have since been abandoned, or appear under 
a different name. 


9b 


130 


PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


us 


List of commercial mines in the Pe Quadrangle. 


Operating Company 





Altoona Coal Co. 
Banks Coal Co. 


Bear Run Coal & Coke Co. 


Becearia Coal Co. (McGee) 


Beech Creek Coal & Coke Co. 
See Penna. Coal & Coke Co. 


Bellefonte Coal Co. 


See Hudson Coal Mining Oo. 


Bowers Bros. (see next) 


Bowersville Coal Mining Co. 
Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal Co. 
See Onondago Coal Mining Co. 


Carrick Coal Company, 
Chestnut Ridge Coal Co. 
(Gypsy Coal Co. Patchin 
Mining Co.) 
Clark Bros. Coal Co. 


See Susquehanna Fuel Co. 


Clark, H. E. (Indiana Coal 


Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp. 
(formerly Canoe Ridge mines) 


Clover Run Coal Mining Co. 


Oushake Coal Mining Co. 
Electrie Coal Co. 


Ellsworth-Durham Coal Co. 


Glenwood Coal Co. 


Hammock Coal Co. 
(See Sawyer Coal Co.) 
Hess Coal Co. 


Hillsdale Coal & Coke Co. 


Hudson Coal Mining Co. 


Jacobs & Delaney Coal Co. 


Juneau Coal Mining Co. 
Kanma Coal Mining Co. 
Keystone Fuel Co. 
Kuntz and Rinn 
Locust Colliery Co. 
Lost Run Coal Mining Co. 


Madeira-Hill Coal Mining Co. 





Ve. aos 
| @ 
q 
Name of mine | an 
| Se 
a 
| <3 eee eaes ‘ols 
=p AL 
Heras Banks,.No. 1) o2.- 3 | ew? 
Babks:. NOt giewee- sce Ea 
Banks NOM ogens.=ee= aid 
Bankse NOW 422 De 
v_. | Bear pRumyN Gos lueeos| cee 
Bear Buh Now 2) 22225)" hae 
Brana SFandardsN Onesie =) ae planed 
le eg Penna. NOSC2 ose o-. ae See ae 
bas Auillman eee eee ele Od a> 
Ue | BoWwersvillegNosen = hiaetyty or 
sae Carrick) NO wes oa aa ee 
ee oe | Indiana, .NO.*6s22.-. | Oes7 
aed (See Patchin No. 4) 
| 
00.) | indianay None eees= Ee 9 
| Indiana Now 2p ossss= De 10 
y ndianaweNo- wows see De 9 
Indiana SNOy 4, sees De 25 
ingdanawNo.s Suse sso= De 16 
Indtanay NOy s5ne.see= Cf 6 
Rossiter NO vel see see Be 5 
ROSSILEE ING. 203-2222 Be 9 
Rossiter No. 3 _----- Be 6 
hossiter No. 4 2-22 Be 10 
Rossiter NOW sce =| eee eee 
5 Arthuranot, tenes seen 
rer sOush ake sate eo see ee Ee 
ae Electric NO. 47,2 -s_ Ee 16 
eee eetlectrigeNOe oO 1ssssee Ee 15 
VICLOLeNO tig se ees Dt 3 
eho kVAPLOLBING slide ce ae Dt 4 
aie Glenwood No. 3 _._-_ | Ke 1 
Glenwood No. 4 ----| De 4 
Glenwood No. 5 ----| pe 5 
Glenwood No. 6 --.-| pe 3 
Glenwood No. 6% --.| De 
Glenwood) Not 40: 22a see 
Glenwood No. 94 ___| Ke 2 
Glenwood No. 10 ___| Ee 
Glenwood No. 11 ---| Dd 11 
Glenwood No. 12 --_| Dd 23 
Glenwood No. 14 -_.| Ee 18 
view Cherry Grove et] Ce 3 
banat et ‘b. AUER) a Je 28 Cis = oe ae PNR NG borg 
Oe Me HaSdalesN On tas. 2 De 11 
Pesala eR INO sit ee 2p eee ees 
Hillsdale No. 3 -_--_ De 7 
Hillsdale No. 4-7___- Ce 14 
Soa WinsloWweeeeeeea se (ie Der a 
oo ie ACOWSMNO MEI Ret 22-5) Rio ee 
ie SSS) SUNDER UNO t ees Be 1 
ee a Emlou No. 1 ----.-..| Ee 
See Key SCONCHINO lee snot Uy ss 
geal 8 Dewe Vist sscaeeeee este Aa 23. 
Ee cea) LOCUST IN Oseelaseeenan Ad il 
eee Maha teyere. eee a |) 2-S2—5—- 
==) |) 2Clovers Run NO wel We ED) 7 
Clover Run No. 2__| Fb 6 
Clover Run No. 3__| Fb 21 
Clover Run No. 4__] Fb 22 
Clover Run No. 5__| Fb 18 
Clover Run No. 6__| Fb 20 
Clover Run No. 7__}| Fb 17 
Clover Run No. 8__| Fb 19 
Clover Run No. 9__] Fb 14 
Clover Run No. 10_--| Fb 16 
Clover Run No. 12__| Fb 13 











Thickness 


3/4"-15/ 


6"-4 


oa" —4'10" | 
4/s UA 


5/ 
3/9” 


1/467 
V4" 
3Y 6” —4/ 5/ 


eae a ie? = 
3/6"-4/ 
4/34/10" 


4’4” 


==-==-— =} 


wee ae ee 








oven oe ot oo lel 


HISTORY OF MINES 131 


List of commercial mines in the Punasutawney Quadrangle — 























Ny , 
Continued. 
| : a ae 
s g Rees: 
= og = bine 
Operating Company. . Name of mine. aH =e 3 x 3 
2b) foe ; = (a 
| os AS) © ita 2 
=e a ea ~ ia 
Maderia-Hill Coal Mining Co. -. | Clover Run No. 14-. | WH 12 |_____.__ Die ee 1,999 
‘+ Clover Run No. 16__ oO gyn date ene tie oe ie sD oak nl eee es es 1,980 
Mc@lhure Mining’ Co. -22..2. 2.22 MeGlure 22 ore Dac6 cole eee E* org | 1384 
McClure & Tyson Coal Co. __-_- Bist Ue Oi ae Da 5 7-15 E. Bay | 1.500 
Bi se RUDeIN Ono eee | IGE at | ee fee | biece se RRs ee 
Big Rune NOckore2e= i BIGT ere Meek eee, Pd ch dei ee te [Pe oars 
HVingereem Oa leCO:, (=. 2224 see MCG Ce ae See See he ge Peed eel a A 4! te ee 
See Becearia Coa] Co. 
Meleavey, John & Co. —-.-2.22 Conr a dieesee soe Aa LO Ie 4 E A'6" Sen Se 
; Shollenie sees, ete ae eee” ole Se In ae D AIGTEGION le.2 oes > 
Mount Arie. Coal..Co.,. e054 MG eA 1eeN Of oleic oes =, dlp bilan 1k, cela, a he 3/0/ 1,470 
Qnondago;Coal Mining ‘Co. 2. | Onomdago —---.-___-_ Cas 7-8 E 4! | 1,013 
Hantell Coal OO 22s ar a eee ante) toes see EG ol teens ® | 2/6” | 1,464 
Patchin Coal Mining -Go. _2-1_ | Patchin No. 2 ____.-- Fe oe Res + pill, na 5 peered 
(No. 4—old Indiana No. 6) Patchin: Nowe 2 ekarahr 7-60 | E 3/9” | 1,765 
; PatehnineN Om teseecss Cleats eae es * 5/ 1,600 
Penna. Coal & Coke Corp. -.. | Pardee No. 40 2-___- Dersl Gulb ese ate E 2/6” 1,496 
(Formerly Beech Creek Coal & | Pardee No. 41 ___-_- Dipos ck eee E 3/2"—-4/2" | 1,445 
Goke Co. with Arcadia, mines). }h Pardee No.9 42 222 pied eS E 3 plus | 1,485 
Parde@yino, 40 12-2224 Drs 749 |E gy 4 1,680 
Pardee No. 44) 22.2. - Cet 12 ier48 Fr 4’6" sega 
Arcadia No. 5 ~-.--- Ge (13 il %61.8) EF 4! 1,740? 
Penn Fuel Company __-_--- on Eee POTN Og) LRT Sey 2 eee clit ie ileus als Iie el 1,760 
Tate OOUlLs GOne eee eae ee PAVGQNG 2°25 2 ons Wem. Ie E* | 4 1,700 
Punxsutawney Coal Mining Co. HramGes Now ls seas e Be eh ieee ee E 8/2"—-4! 1,406 
BTAanNcessN Owe sss CEs aS ee E 4! 1,604 
Frances: No. 8) 2222-2 COSA AS soos E 5 Hiaerality 
Purage: @oal Conpetsso.s-2--o a. Pineda Ole les == Cee ee ee ie AL 1,566 
Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & | 
TE One CO cue oor ne ee ENCE TIN Oe arene Area roa, G72 wT) Ate 1,301 
Elenor Run Shaft --; Ca 1 +75 | D 10’ 1,055 
Elk Run Shaft —---_- Ab 2 9-71 | D (8! 1,071 
| WalstoneNos 2225222 Narr Rabies. se D Oak galedesy = AS WR Saad 
WalstonNo.gs o22-2s Nae os 9-70) D BA SE ial oh pear 
RiNM Se RAs Oni sun. 2 2s ke INGuiglhay INO vs, Bees RONG we atalino a Toyah aoe 5 NE he hey oe 
ie A Cri ee Oy aoe eek a Sel ee D 5/ 1,460 
Walston No. b-.--_ | Aa 94 |- 9-60. | D C51 hi eae 
Sav ale OO mie Owe = 2. vue ce te Sen VicileN O;mepes ese Ae 1640 7288" : 1,450? 
Sawyer Coal Co. (Hammock) __| Sawyer _-----_--____- BAC eee deca ike E 3/4” 1,600 
South Branch Coal’Goe 2.222 Sha dyvsidewm sco uC Ai ee ea B 3/4!" 1,679 
miperiOLwC@Oal OO. 22.8 22-3. 2 SUPEMIO“ NO pe see Dd’ 2 13-154 | A 4) 4_—5f 1,624 
SUpehi Ore N Ory eee ern een eran Ne enn as 1301S 
Susquehanna Fuel Co. ______---- MalcOneNG ibm oes ae Tar OIE care fea RA Sy ter ees ke 
Va COME Om One De ae Pate Nee! Py eter ae alee k 
EUAIC ORIN Oceee aie eens ¥ ere deen ty 4 E? 4! 1,354 
MalcOnmiNO mao. ee ee he gle eas Dey ye 1,314 
‘rerio CoaleMmines Co. 22... |) RrojameNo.. Jeena Gem Oh lie ere De Bes ea ee cee 
PTO Ja NO eee ae Dis 2O ee ee Tee line 1,400 
Wreya idee, Oonl Co. 2cscls so 2-5 UREY UN On Le aa Ed &| 9-94 D 4’ 1,654 
Urey NG oh ae oe Fd 9 9-96: D 8/8” 1,562 
UreyeNno. 3.28 ee eee Bieri ees 2 D 4’ 1,440? 
Reeve NO: ter aoe meee eee aera Ll PPE ee jekh ees 
ineyaNO!).. 5 ee eee Ke 3 993 | D 4'6"—4'10" |e ese 3 
: LiraveN Os G22. eee Neon oe Sali Be Le eee By 1,650 
HCL OME OO RMEOOM la: =s.\ 2 Fae mn pures Gas oe eee ee Lie? Se ee ee D ye 1,351 
(See Glenwood Coal Co.) | | 




















-*Mines not visited by writer, data furnished by Mine Inspector T. J. Lewis. 


> 


sae 


132 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 
WATER RESOURCES. 


In this chapter will be discussed first, precipitation in the area 
with reference to growth of crops and as a source of water supply; 
second, surface waters, their quantity, quality and seasonable vari- 
ation; third, the ground waters; fourth, present sources of private 
and public water supplies; fifth, water power. The topography and 
drainage have already been discussed and are shown on the map. 


PRECIPITATION 


The following table shows fairly well the average and seasonal 
precipitation in this area. The figures are not of equal value, for 
those from Punxsutawney cover only parts of three years and those 
from Grampian cover 45 years. The area is so small that the rain- 
fall probably varies but little within its limits. Even if more figures 
were at hand they might not differ materially from those for Gramp- 
ian. These figures indicate a well-watered area with a mean annual 
precipitation of nearly 45 inches. Rainfall has been as low as 26 
inches and as high as 57 inches in this part of the State. The follow- 
ing table was compiled from the U. 8. Weather Bureau “Climatol- 


ogical Data.” 


Average monthly rainfall in inches at four stations. 








Jan. | Feb. | Mar.) Apr.| May |June | July |Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. 
























































Gram pian oe eo LS 3.56 | 3.40 | 3.98 | 3.41) 4.29 | 4.19.) 4.93 | 4:00 | 3.20) 2.79 | 3.06 3.61 
Punxsutawney_ ----. PER TAOS aioe LS Pro. 00 al ro. Ole a8) 4.77 | 4.04 | 5.98 | 2.93 | 5.44 | 2.59 3.31 
Gleqrilel gue weeks ses ae 3.84) 2.69") 3.574) S40 47S ) 6.06 14.00 | b.14 | 3.784 28h e tage 3.09 
Brookvillépeee = eee 3.08 | 2.47 | 8.15 | 2.96 | 8.59 | 4.07 | 4.66 | 4.21 | 3.40 | 2.80 | 3.05 2.95 
(a) Period represented is shown below. 
Annual rainfall. 

Low High Mean 
Grampian, 1864-1909, ---..-...-_--- SS eae ene tn Be 32.46 57.50 44.37 
IPUDXSULAWRHEY:, LOTS-TOLO™ hoo 2 22s Si cee a ene erect ene eae Fe ee ge hs | ee 48.97 
CHEATTICIOS 41905-19247 ey Suc Ss FOE ee eee ee. 33.23 60.88 45.525 = 
IBTOOK Ville jyqgicub so se oe re Ae TS ea ee eC 26.23 55.48 41.06 











*Records for 1913-1916 incomplete, for 1917-1919 complete. 
+Records for years not complete except for 1914-1923. 


According to the table, the highest precipitation is in June and 
August and the lowest in February and November. To show the 
variation in the monthly precipitation from year to year the 
records for Grampian by months for a number of years are given. 


WATER RESOURCES 133 


Monthly rainfall from 1895 to 1904 at Grampian, Pa., in inches. 

















Year | Jan.| Feb.| Mar.) Apr.| May | June | July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Annual 
J 2 5.19 | 0.96 | 1.90 | 3.81 | 2.388 | 2.87 | 2.85./ 3.08 | 2.20 | 1.26 | 2.57 | 3.48 32.55 
SO a 1.22 | 3.57 40D OU ee 20 eos ZO or Go a oN9S | 4.40) eto I o.200}0 1. 82 44.13 
US) 6a 2.15 | 278) | 42h a ea oon) SLA f09-11o.40, jee LO .68 | 6.04 | 4.57 44.94 
es) ae 3.81 | 2.06 | 8.40 | 2.30 128.380 | 5.08) 3.41) 4.12 | 1.54) 5.21 | 3.55 | 3.56 46.29 
LSE EN sala 3.12 | 3.03 | 4.42) 1.67 1.5.34 | 3.00 1/3284) 1-38.54 | 3.00) 1.56) | 2.319) 3.96 38.79 
TOU) ieee ae 3.2L 13.63 WS GL Melneoer2crd Wa. Lomuiel Sal tae Gl ant SD lrowocn| aati 2:5 4-0) 40.86 
THEO 5 ee ae ee -2.03:| 1.98 | 1.887) 5.22 | 3.51) | 4.13.) 5.28 |4.22 | 2.95.) 26 |.3.74 | 3.30 38.40 
(RU 6 2.42 184 | 2e8io Sil eeieiet Lo ue elem os7 Ol Boole soto cos saeleocoO 38.94 
Ie » i. tee ee 2.89 | 4.64 | 4.89 | 3.72 | 2.51 | 4.98 | 5.15 | 4.94 | 1.98 | 4.55 | 8.74 | 3.30 47.29 
Li 5.75 |.3,09 biGsOG Wake) cede eee nme ee ate eerste ee eee Nat aL 
WCE. eae ana 3.18 | 2:76 °| 4.23°193,15 | 8.26 14.13) 0.18) 3.76) 2.75) 2.43) 3.74 |. 8.380 41.36 






































(a) No record. 


The storm of May 30 and June 1, 1889 when rainfall in 32 hours 
at Grampian amounted to 8.6 inches, was very exceptional. That 


storm caused the high water which culminated in the Johnstown 
flood. 


RUN-OFF 


Part of the rainfall runs from the surface without sinking into the 
ground, part sinks into the ground but ultimately reaches the streams, 
and part evaporates, either directly from the surface or in the pro- 
cess of respiration by plants. There are no gaging stations in this 
area; two were established in October, 1913, just east of this area, 
for which records for one year are available. One of these stations 
is at Bower on Susquehanna River and the other at St. Lu on Chest 
Creek. Figures in the following table are quoted from the annual 
report of the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania for 1914, 
which report should be seen for the complete figures. The drainage 
area above Bower is estimated at 320 square miles. . 


154 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


Monthly discharge of the West Branch of Susquehanna River at 
Bower, Clearfield County, Pa. 




















Discharge in second-feet Run-off 
Month 

Second-feet, 

Maximum | Minimum Mean per square| Depth in 
mile | inches 

® | 

1913 | 
Pie oe ey SAD, 2 | 2,300 66 488 1.525 | 1.700 
Neoweniber ! 2.. 224222 i eee ee 4,440 155 784 2.450 VAN Ba4 
DeCemIDer S.22f Eee Eanes ernie Beet 1,140: 163 358 1:108- | 1.272 

1914a } 

| 
UNV reas = 2 ee ee | DA, OJOS =e sees 5b3 1.728 1.992 
ROUT. costs Le ee Se ee oe Dit 200s ee eee 888 RTD 2.890 
Wuieneleerte ssa) =U Se Siku 2h. yee ee alee bb 550 |S seeee ees 1,240 3.875 4.468 
ANS UTEUI, . 5 alk SRS SEED ES eee ees TEE 3 (20: 466 1,259 3.906 | 4.358 
NERY oh. ee oe kt SS ae 3,900 79 | 658 2.056 2.370 
CBC meme a we. oe es ee 797 60 178 0.556 | 0.621 
RIC ymenenee Sree se Sek ee ee 236 60 109 0.341 9.397 
ANOAIRKE | AdS ANOS SE Eas eee ot a eS ©, 150 48 | 70 0,219 0.253 
Sepeemioermer ete: te oti. 2 Pe as eee 71 40 47 0.147 0.164 

















(a) River frozen Jan. 13-28 inclusive and Feb. 8 to Mar. 16 inclusive and discharge during 
frozen period including March 17 and.18 estimated from climatological records and Bald Hagle 
Creek at Beech Creek. 


(b) Estimated. 


This record shows that the minimum discharge in a month varies 
from 40 second feet to more than ten times that, or 466 second feet, 
and the maximum from 71 second feet to 5,550 second feet. The total 
run-off was 26.3 inches out of a total rainfall of probably 40 inches, 
or over 60 per cent. It should be recognized that these figures cover 
a very short period and therefore should not be given too much 
weight. Discharge measurements are not given for the station at 
St. Lu, as not enough measurements had been made to serve as a 
basis for the preparation of a discharge table. The drainage from 
an area of 110 square miles above St. Lu is from 4% to 4% of the dis- 
charge of the Susquehanna at Bower on the same day. Until more 
data are available the discharge may be assumed as roughly pro- 
portional to the areas of the drainage basins. Other gaging stations 
were also established at the same time at Clearfield on Susquehanna 
River and at Dimeling, on Clearfield Creek. 3 


To check the figures given for Bower, discharge measurements 
made at Williamsport for 9 months of 1914 and for a number of 
previous years are given. The figures show the variation in run-off 
from year to year. 


WATHR RESOURCES 155 


Discharge of West Branch of Susquehanna River at Williamsport, Pa. 





——$— oS} i 

















Discharge in second-feet Run-off 
Year Second-feet * 
‘ Maximum | Minimum Mean (per square) Depth in 
mile inches 

TSS Sa SEs a eS 58,900: 410 Gs zecar 1.10 2.60 
Lise 32223025 See See em uk 76,500 970. 8,681 | 15S 20.89 
RCO), co: Se a ee eee Seana bee ee 53, 000: 600 8,299 1.47 19.99 
‘ USOS) 2 jsee Sees Se ee eee mers Ee |e ue 162,600 1120 9,885 AN SEAS 23 .82 
et men eee AS se ee Sa 68, 800 690 7,971 1.41 19.19 
or numneeere eet oT! Oe wo a eee 110, 100 710 7,591 ilar) 18.05 
eee ee eo Le eee ee 1501, 900 1,120 10,605 1.88 25.63 
Lies . dhs eae OR cen 164,100: 830 10,714 1.89 25.92 
OCS: at Re SE eR ee PS ANS Do ol 8) 110,700 1,280 11,715 ALU 27.98 
SMe so eS ee eee 135,100 830 9,450 1.68 22.83 
La: eile Se ee Be Be A Se eT 111,100 1,610 12,000 2.00 20.77 
TRICE fee ee ee ee eee 48 , 000) 1,120 7,310 1.30 17.61 
Bree ould. Se eee eee eee 96, 600 630 8,830 1.57 21.40 
OU, ee 2S A ae ns We i Se es 1038, G00! 495 9, 660: nye 23.84 
ONO set 22 Jt ee ee ee oe ee 141,090 as & Se 8, 040 1.44 19.34 
BOTO. oi eat er OR oe Oy tee 97,600 495 7,060 1.25 16.97 
ROME We 258" 3 BOS Dia as Pie, Be eee. Meee 87,600 2,310 12, 300 2.18 29.50 
Ds a eee erg ON OG Rep hat PONS tee 108 ,000: 259: 9,659 abaya 23.31 
POA eS wot MS eee ie Peed Pek eet Po 119,000 588 10,000: bd abe cate ees. 




















=. SS $s eens 








*To October. 


These figures show variations by years of nearly 100 per cent, the 
run-off for 1911, for example, being nearly double that for 1895. 


To illustrate further how the run-off varies from month to month 
there is given another table showing the mean monthly run-off at 
Williamsport for a few years. 


Monthly discharge of West Branch of Susquehanna River at 
Williamsport, Pa., for the year's 1896-1901, in second-feet. 












































Months 1896 1807 1898 1899 1900 1901 

Pate Oy) eee ee ce be 5,705 4,955 15,799 12,005 13,984 5,182 
PPIGD TULA wae ees oa ok a 10,861 9,495 12,211 9,303 14,095 3,010 
iar ieee eee = 2a 13 ,809 25,589 31,357 27 ,500 15, 689 20,920 
AQU GI WO RES ee ae ee eos 20,118 18,869 12,900: 15,693 13,992 27 ,583 
SW sue cae o) Sls Ae eee 3, 808 14, 294 10,536 7,484 | 4,923 15,403 
Ubhays)’ 20 ye Se es Net 7,454 3,046 4,289 2,724 4,043 12,311 
Aol bre 2 et > a 6,276 3,406 2,056 1,748 2,046 2,911 
ARGUE US 2 ae SE py 6,382 8,712 4,467 1,335 15311 “ie 

Septentber meme, ~ ee 1,560 1,706 179 1,845 931 6,296 
OCtODSE Re are eee eT dS stor, 1,286 eae 1,098 1,821 2,122 
INO WET Derge \umeeneetenee ol. 8,770 6,716 8,513 5,744 9,328 4,266 
Decentbere we! see ey Sas 6, 245: 11,475 7,590: 9,258 8,562' | 20,276 
Annual amenn gm. e8s.o 8,681 8,295 9,885 7,971 7,501 10,606 

» . 


As indicated by the table, the maximum run-off is usually in 
March or April, though not always. The run-off through December 
to April inclusive is usually above the average and, for the rest of 
the months, below the average. December, January, and February 


136 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


may, however, all run under the average, especially when the river 
has remained frozen; occasionally May or June or some other month 
may run above the average. The summer and fall months, while 
generally below the average, are variable from year to year; thus the 
October run-off in 1896 was more than 12 times that in 1899. 


GROUND WATER 


The ground water is that which has sunk into the ground. After- 
wards it is returned to the surface, where it evaporates, runs out aS 
springs, is taken up by plants, or is raised from wells for household 
or other uses. On first entering the ground it descends, following 
passages or pores in rocks until it reaches either an impervious 
stratum or the level of saturation, or water table as it is called. The 
impervious strata encountered in this area are most commonly the 
beds of clay that underlie the coal beds. Reaching such a layer, the 
water may follow it down the dip to its line of outcrop, where the 
water escapes in the form of springs or boggy ground. If, on the 
other hand, it first reaches the water table, it tends temporarily to 
raise the level of that table, causing increased outflow in the valleys 
where the water table reaches the surface. As the surface of the 
ground in this quadrangle, in its broader features, slopes in general 
in the same direction as the dip of the underlying rocks, the under- 
ground waters have the same direction of movement as the surface 
waters. In like manner, the water table follows the topography of 
the surface, though it is less rugged in shape. As a rule, it is near 
the surface in the valleys, where it coincides with the surface of 
streams, ponds and lakes, and is farther from the surface on the 
hills, where its distance from the surface is indicated by the water 
level in wells. This depth varies with the character of the surface, 
the character of the underlying rock, and the season. It will be 
nearer the surface in the broad flat areas than near sharp declivities 
where the water may drain away readily. It will be nearer the sur- 
face that is underlain by fine-grained rocks, such as shales, than that 
underlain by coarse-grained rocks like sandstone. The surface of 
the water table rises rapidly after heavy rains and then gradually 
sinks again as the water drains away. 

In this area a large percentage of sandy strata, sandstones and 
sandy shales, permit a large absorption of the rainfall. This storage 
capacity equalizes to some extent the stream flow in summer. Dur- 
ing rainy weather and for a time afterwards the streams carry more 
or less water that has flowed down the surface without entering the 
ground. During the drier seasons, practically all of the stream run- 
off has, for a greater or less time, been circulating underground. 


WATER RESOURCES TP Lat 
Domestic supplies. 


Domestic supplies in this area, aside from public supplies, are 
derived from wells and springs. The wells are either dug or driven, 
mainly dug. As far as noted, all of the wells of the region are shal- 
low, the dug wells ranging, as a rule, from 10 to 30 feet deep. The 
driven wells in a few instances are nearly or quite 100 feet deep. 
The springs generally have a small flow though a few large springs 
were noted, some of the latter being used for town supplies. 

The spring and well water of this region is soft and healthful 
except where pulluted. A large proportion of the springs come from 
coal beds and may contain a high percentage of sulphur and iron. 
In a few instances, where springs are at sufficient elevation above 
the houses, the water is piped into the houses and, if the flow war- 
rants, modern plumbing is installed. .In a few places windmills and 
elevated tanks have been installed for household water supply. So 
far as was learned, the supply of water is abundant at all seasons. 


Town supplies. 


Most of the smaller towns depend exclusively on private wells and 
springs. Thus, Adrian is supplied by 17 wells, mostly dug, which 
range in depth from 14 to 47 feet. The wells at Burnside average 21 
feet deep. Locally, as for example at Anita, a private well or spring 
has been made to serve the public, the owner being compensated for 
its upkeep by a remission of road taxes, or in some other way. The 
water supplies of the larger towns are briefly described as follows: 

Punxsutawney: The supply for Punxsutawney is drawn from the 
east branch of Mahoning Creek, 814 miles from town, from Clover 
Run 10 miles from town, and from one well 15534 feet deep at the 
filter plant at the mouth of the east branch of Clover Run. The 
reservoirs have an impounding capacity of 45 million gallons. 
From the reservoirs the water is sent through a horizontal pressure 
filter. The elevation is sufficient to give the necessary pressure in 
town. In addition to the public supply, about 150 private wells are 
also used in town. 

Glen Campbell: The supply is obtained from Brady Run about one- 
half mile east of town. The water is pumped from the reservoir of 
50,000 gallons capacity to a pressure reservoir, from which it is dis- 
tributed. A few private wells are also used. 


Deep and artesian wells. 
Artesian water should be found in the valleys in the axes of the 


synclines in this area. Such water should be looked for in the sand- 
stones that outcrop above drainage on the anticlines and underlie 


138 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


the valleys. Artesian wells have been obtained at Lumber City, near 
Clearfield, and one just west of Osceola Mills. The water in such 
wells is likely to be mineralized, as Shown by a well sunk in the 
Curwensville syncline near Clearfield. That well struck a weak 
brine between 400 and 500 feet below the surface and a strong brine 
between 700 and 800 feet. A gallon of water weighed 834 pounds 
and contained two-thirds of a pound of salt, 84 gallons being re- 
quired to furnish a bushel of salt. An analysis by Geo. H. Cook, 
of New Jersey, as given in the Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl- 
vania report H-7, page 140, is as follows: 


Analysis of brine from Clearfield “oil” well. 





COMMON «Salt ee cas, Meneses eee ee 69.010 
Gitoride of Bittern, .calcium. (as ses en ner 25.090 
(hioride;: of Magnesian: S1Gteri 2.6 mee fee 5.900 

100.000 
VARALO TEEN cotta oe. aise ie iere Alaeeane ony aia a 88.952 
STUB ION. Biss 5 Siesta no aor Pain ee Seo flies S38 ly Ne Took 
TMLOITCR UC ALCHUINS i2.?, a a\e ne ae eek a oe ee ee PETE 
CCM dem Mao NEST rs 27556). +. seh ht ae eee .655 
Na ig Ea COD oA seeks hte sn. acPoe ces anette een 007 
SULT CAM AITO RME TEI) Ws tat arcicye hn Gro tninr meaning Serene 028 

100.000 


WATER POWER AND WATER STORAGE 


Power 


Ad, the present time this area holds out little inducement for water 
power projects of any size. A few places may prove worthy of study 
in the future, particularly in connection with any scheme of water 
storage. Present interest will probably be in the possible utilization 
of some of the small streams of the region in the production of small 
quantities of power for local domestic use. In many sections of the 
countdy small streams are being used for generating electricity 
for lighting individual houses or groups of houses and for run- 
ning machines on the farm and in the house. In many parts 
of this area the streams rise on the upland and flow from 
one to several miles before descending sharply to the main valley. 
Such streams have very small flow at most times and may go 
dry but, as the fall may amount to 100 or 200 feet in a quar- 
ter of a mile, it would seem that such streams might well be utilized 
by those through whose land they flow. To illustrate: according to 


WATER POWER AND WATER STORAGE 139 


the topographic map, Rock Run, south of Glen Campbell, drains an 
area of 3 square miles and has a fall of 80 feet in the quarter of a 
mile just above its mouth. Assuming 80 per cent efficiency for a 
power installation, there is the equivalent of a little over 2 horse- 
power for each one-tenth inch run-off per square mile. This might 
be counted on to yield 10 horsepower through most of the year with- 
out storage. Whether such a project, or any other in this area, would 
be financially feasible, would depend upon the conditions at the pow- 
er site as affecting the cost of installation and maintenance, and the 
quantity of power used. Where the power is needed only a part of 
the day, the use of storage batteries or small water storage may 
allow the maintenance of a much larger output during dry weather 
than would be supplied by the unconserved run-off. 


In any discussions of water power it must be recognized that in 
any region situated as this is, in the heart of the coal field, cheap 
coal everywhere available, water power cannot compete with the coal 
because of the high cost of installation except where conditions are 
especially favorable. There are no waterfalls in the area but sever; 
al streams, rising on the upland, descend sharply by a series of low 
cascades to their outlet valleys at a much lower level. To 
take advantage of such conditions always involves the building and 
maintenance of a flume of some length and of a penstock which, in 
most instances, will be expensive. The matter is presented here only 
as a suggestion. 


Storage 


In addition to the many possible small developments, a few larger 
developments may be feasible in the future. Most, if not all, of 
these projects involve dams of considerable length, usually at least 
1,000 feet long on top (for a height of 60 to 100 feet). As such a dam 
would yield only a very limited amount of power, the largest present 
interest in such places must be as possible sites for impounding 
water for the benefit of stream navigation, larger power plants far- 
ther down the rivers, or for flood prevention. Among places of 
special interest in this connection are: 


Little Mahoning Valley near Enterprise; top of dam 100 feet high, 
probably not over 1,000 feet long; or 180-foot dam, but length would 
be from 2,000 to 8,000 feet; area drained 36 square miles. 


Bear Run, just above McGees Mills. 
Ugly Run, above Rossiter Junction. : 


Possibly East Branch of Mahoning Creek near mouth of Clover 
Run. i 


140 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE 


None of the places mentioned were specifically examined for dam 
sites, and the suggestions are made mainly from recollections of the 
conditions at those points, supplemented by data from the maps and 
from photographs. 

At the present time, there are a few water power developments 
of very minor importance, such as that on Ugly Run above Rossiter 
Junction. 


INDEX 


A coal, 47, 93, 98, 106 
A’ coal, 47, 88, 93, 94 
Adrian, coal at, 73, 76 
coke ovens at, 75 
Adrian mine, 75, 76 
Allegheny group, coals of, 26, 71, 86, 90, 
104, 112, 116 
Alluvial clay, 51 
Altitudes, 17 
Ames limestone, 21, 22, 24, 56, 71, 76, 
78, 80 
Analyses of coal mine samples, 12, 48, 49 
of iron ore, 68 
of limestone, 60, 61 
Anita, coal at; 73, 76 
Arcadia, coal mines at, 115, 117 
coal at, 118 
sandstone at, 112 
Artesian wells, 137 


Bakerstown coal, 21, 25, 75, 77, 78, 80, 
99;- 117,120 
Banks No. 1 mine, 102 
Barton coal, 22, 24, 118 
B coal, 45, 88, 93, 98, 106, 120 
Bear Run, sandstone outcrop, 61 
Bear Run. mine, 102 
Beatty, Jim, coal opening, 95 
Beccaria Coal Company, 101 
Beech Run, sandstone at, 92 
Bellnap, coal] at, 119 
shale at, 117 

Bells Mills, coal at, 838 
Bell township, limestone in, 23 
Bennett bank, 115 
Berea sand, 64 
Big Injun sandstone, 31, 78 
Big Run, coal at, 72, 76, 83, 84, 98 
Bolivar flint clay, 28, 53 
Bowdertown, sandstone at, 63 

coal at, 23, 118 
Bowers mine, 88 | 
Boye, M. H., work of, 13 
Brookville or A coal, 47, 98, 98, 106 
Grown, Frank P., bank, 84 


Brown, Joe, coal opening, 95 

Brown, J. W., mine, 76 

Brush Creek coal, 21, 22,,24, 70, 75, 77, 
79, 84, 96 | 

Brush Creek limestone, 21, 56, 117 

Brush Valley syncline, 35, 36 

Buchannon bank, 113 

Buffalo & Susquehanna No. 3 mine, 84 

Buffalo formation, 24, 78, 82 

Buffalo sandstone, 22, 23, 25 77, 78, 80, 
84, 90, 93 

Buhrstone ore, 29, 68 

Rurgoon sandstone, 78 

Burnside, coal at, 117, 118, 119 

sandstone at, 117 
Burnside district, 115 


C coal, 45, 88, 98, 119 
C’ coal, 45, 88, 93, 106 
Cambridge limestone, 21, 22, 25 
Cannel coal, 45, 95 
Canoe Creek, coal at, 76, 78, 79, 83 
sandstone at, 19 
Carnahan bank, 113 
Cessna mine, 105, 109 
Chance, H. M., work of, 14 
Chemical character of coals, 48 
Cherry Grove mine, 85 
Chestnut Ridge anticline, 35, 104, 112 
Clarion (A’) coal, 47, 88, 93 
Clarion flint clay, 101, 113 
Clarion sandstone, 29, 47, 62, 81, 89, 91, 
94, 101, 102, 103, 107 
Clay, 49, 51, 56 
Clayville, coke ovens at, 75 
Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., 89 
Cloe, coal at, 78, 84 
sandstone at, 63 
Clover Run, coal at, 84 
gas well at, 66 
Coal, analyses, 12, 48, 49 
production of, 11, 75 
names of beds, 37 
reserves, 120, 124-7. 


(141) 


142 


Coal, resources, distribution of by dis- 
tricts 
Burnside district, 118,-120 
Gipsy district, 112-115 
Glen Campbell district, 
Locust district, 79-81 
Newtonburg district, 98-103 
Punxsutawney district, 73-77 
Richmond district, 98-96 
Rossiter district, 88, 89 
Winslow district, 83-85 
Coke ovens, 12, 75 
Coking coal, 12 
Commercial mines, table, 130-131 
Conemaugh group, stratigraphy of, 22, 
fos, 11s 
Connoquenessing sandstone, 30, 31, 101 
Conrad mine, 76 
Curwensville, sandstone at, 30 
shale at, 31 
Cush Creek, coal on, 110 
Cush Creek Junction, coal at, 109 
Cushake Coal Mining Company, measure- 
ment furnished by, 109 


106-111 


D coal, 44, 73, 88, 93, 98, 105 
Deckers Point, 92, 93, 95 
Deemer, F. C., gas well of, 66 
Dewey mine, 75 

Dixonville syncline, 35 

Doty Roundtop, coal near, 94 
Dowler Junction, coal at, 119 
Dubendorf bank, 114 


Pe rcoal 4052) SU.481,° Sid, 2s, LOD 
East Branch, coal at, 76 
Hast Run, coal at, 112, 114 
gas wells near, 65 
Eleanora shaft, 72, 76 
Elk Run, coal at, 72, 76 
Elk Run mine, 76 
Elk Run, shaft, 73, 75 
Enterprise, coal near, 88, 89, 93 
sandstone at, 63, 89 
Ewing limestone, 21 


Fagen, H. J., 
Fifth sand, 64 
Finley Mills, coal at, 78 
Flinns, coal mine at, 103 
Flint clay, 50, 54, 55, 56, 81, 95, 101, 118 
Flora, coal near, 88, 106 


work of, 13 


Florence mines, 76 
Frantzer bank, coal at, 100 
Freeport, coal at, 72 
Freeport sandstone, 63 
Gallitzin coal, 24 
Gardner bank, 119 
Gas, 64 
Gas sand, 64 
Gas wells, 66 
Geology by districts 
Burnside district 115-119 
Gipsy district 111-115 
Glen Campbell district 103-111 
Locust distriet 77-81 
Newtonburg district 96-103 
Punxsutawney district 70-77 
Richmond district 89-96 
Rossiter district 85-89 
Winslow district 81-85 
Gipsy, coal near, 113 
gas wells near, 65 
Gipsy district; 111 
Glen Campbell district, 
coal near, 103, 106 
sandstone near, 63 
mines at, 119 
Gorman, Alexander, coal bank, 113 
Gorman, James, coal bank, 113 
Graham Run, coal mines on, 110 
Ground water, 136 


Liagg, F. S., coal opening, 75 
Hamrock Coal Company, 85 
Harlem coal, 21, 75, 78, 80, 118, 120 
Harmony, coal at, 72 
Henderson township, limestone in, 23 
Hess mine, 81 > 
Hess Run, coal at, 81 
Hillman, coal at, 83, 88 
Hillman mine, 85 
Hillsboro mines, 113 
Hillsdale, coal at, 112, 115 
sandstone at, 63, 118 
Hillsdale sandstone, 112 
History of mining, 128 
Hoffman bank, 113 
Homewood sandstone, 14, 30, 61, 97, 101, 
102 
Hooverhurst, eoal at, 115 
Hoover place, coal on, 100 
Horatio, coal at, 77 
Horton Run, coal on, 110 
Hudson, coal at, 82 


we 


battle 


143 


Tron, 67, GS 
Iron ore, 74 
Irwin, Alexander coal] bank, 115 
Jeffries, Aaron, coal mine, 95 
Johnsonburg, coal near, 106 © 
“ gas wells near, 65 
Juneau, Berea sand near, 64 
coal near, 88 
gas near, 64, 78 
limestone near, 80 
sandstone at, 25, 63 
shale near, SO 
Juneau Coal Mining Company, 80 


Kanaar, H. M. Company, 89 

Kanma Coal Mining Company, 103 

Kinter Hill, coal at, 92, 95 
limestone at, 95 

KKinter Hill anticline, 35, 65 


Leasure Run, coals at, 81 
Lesley, J. P., work by, 138 
Limestone, analyses, 56, 60, 61 
horizons, 56, 57 
Limonite, 68 
Lindsey, limestone near, 67, 74 
iron ore at, 74 
sandstone at, 74, 77, 79 
shale at..22, 25, 79 
Lines, E. F., work of, 14 
Little Clarksburg coal, 21, 22, 23 
Locust Colliery Company, 89 
Locust district, 77 
Locust Lane, coal near, 79, 81, 89 
shale at, 22, 25 
Logan, coal at, 113 
Lower Freeport (D) coal, 44, 78, 75, 88, 
93, 98, 105 
Lower Freeport limestone, 28 
Lower Kittanning clay, 51 
Lower Kittanning (B) coal, 45, 88, 93, 
98, 106, 120 
Lower Mahoning sandstone, 42, 76 
Lowry, S. L., and Bash, S. J. coal bank, 
Soe © 


McClure, Andy and McConne Dean, coal 
bank, 84 
McClure Mining Company, 99 


pe 
McGees Mills, coal at, 47, 98, 101, 102 
118, 120 
sandstone at, 12, 29, 68, 
97, 107 


sandstone outcrop, 61, 62 
Madeira Hill Mining Company, 100 
Mahaffey, coal near, 98 
iron ore near, 68 
Mahoning clay, 76 
Mahoning coal, 15, 21, 71, 75 
Mahoning limestone, 21, 22, 56, 67, 74, 
76 
Mahoning sandstone, 14, 96, 109, 117 
Martin coal bank, 113 
Mauch Chunk shale, 14 
Mercer coals, 30, 47, 101, 102, 104 
Mercer limestone, 30 
Mercer shales, 30 ; 
Middle Kittanning or C coal, 45, 88, 98, 
119 
Mining, history of, 128, 129 
Morgantown formation, coal in, 23 
sandstone in, 2+ 
Morgantown sandstone, 22, 23, 118 
Mount Airie mine, 119 
Murrysville sand, 78 





Nashville, coal at, 92, 114 
Newtonburg district, 96 
e coal in, 47, 98-1038 
Newtonburg, sandstone at, 1%, 63 
eoal at, 9° 
gas wells near,- 65 
Numann, J. 'A., coal bank, 114. 


Oil, 64 
Jrd, coal at, 94 
sandstone at, 94 


Painter Run, coal at, 77, 78 
Patchin, John, coal bank, 119 
Patchinville, coal at, 117 
Peck, F. B., work of, 14 

measurements by, 108, 109, 110, 111 
Phillips, T. W., Gas & Oil Company, 65 

Summary of gas wells by, 66, 67 

Pifer place, coal on, 81 
Pifer, W. P., limestone quarry section, 24 
Pine Creek limestone, 78, 80 
Platt, Franklin, work of, 13 
Platt, W. G., work of, 14 
Pottsville sandstone, 14, 61 


# 


144 


Pottsville series, 380, 87, 91, 116 
coals of, 31 
Punxsutawney Coal Company, 88 
Punxsutawney, coal at, 75 
gas at or near, 36, 64 
iron ore near. 68 
sandsii¢e at. 25 
shale .., 22 
Punxsutawney (Clayville) limestone 
analysis, 68 
Punxsutawney district, 70 
Punxsutawney synecline, 35, 36 
Pyrite, 74 


Kaintall, 132, 133 
Reserves of coal, 120, 124-7 
Richardson, George, coal mine, 93 
Richmond, coal at, 79, 81, 91 
limestone at, 12, 57, 93 
sandstone at, 29, 61-63, 92 
Richmond anticline,,.3o, 2 
Richmond district, ‘89 
Robertsville, coal near, 113 
Rogers, H. D., work of 18 4 
Robey, Comelin: ‘coal opening, 94 
tomely, John, coal opening, 95 a 
foal néar, B84! eee oe 
iron ore near, 68 
mines at, 89 
sandstone at, 25, 63 
Rossiter district, 85 
Rossiter Junction, coal at, 85 
Run-off, 133 


Rossiter, 


& 


Salt sand, 64 
Saltsburg sandstone, 22, 23, 112, 118 
Sanders, R. H., work of, 13 
Sandstone, 61 
Savan, coal near, 92, 93 
limestone at, 81, 94 
sandstone at, 25, 63 
Sawmill Run, coal at, 72, 74, 75 
coke ovens at, 75 
Schlimmer, G., farm, iron ore on, 68 
Schlimmer place, coal on, 100 
Shadyside mine, 101 
Shale, 56 
Sidney, coal at, 102, 103 
coal mines near, 107 
section at, 102 
Sigers, Miles, coal bank, 89 
Sliding Rock Bend, iron ore at, 74 
Smith, B., coal bank, 115 


Smith, J. R., coal bank, 1138 
Smith, J. C., coal mine, 88 
Smithport, coal near, 106, 107, 110 
gas wells at, 65 
limestone at, 60 
South Branch Coal Company, 102 
Speechley sand, 64 
Spicher’s, Mrs., coal bank, 114 
Standard No. 1 mine, 101 
Staley, David, mine, 76 
State, A.; coal mine, 89 
Stratigraphy by districts 
Burnside district 115-118 
Gipsy district 111, 112 
Glen. Campbell district 104 
Locust district 77, 78 
Newtonburg district 96, 9T 
Punxsutawney district 7%, 
ei 
Richmond district 90-92 
Rossiter district 86, 87 
Winslow district 82, 83 
Stony Run, coal at, 84 
Structure, 34. 
Burnside district 118 
Gipsy district 112 
Glen Campbell district 104 
Locust district 79 
Newtonburg district 97 
Punxsutawney district 7i 
Richmond district 92 
Rossiter district 87 
Winslow district 83 


a aylor, mh: Ci cited ais 
Tiona sand, 64 


Ugly Run, coal at, 80, 84 

Underclay, 49 

Upper Freeport clay, 51 

Upper Freeport coal, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 
21, 22, 24, 40, 67 (See also under E 
coal) 

Upper Freeport limestone, 61, 81, 82, 84, 
89, 90, 91, 95 


Upper Kittanning or C’ coal, 45 (see 
also under OC’ coal) 
Upper Mahoning sandstone, 22, 23, 74, 


79, 88, 84, 85, 100 
Upper Mercer coal, 102 
Urey, coal near, 108 


145 


Vanport limestone, 18, 29, 57, 61, 68, Williams station, clay at, 76 


93, 104 limestone near, 67, 76 
section at, 25 
Walston, coal at, 72, 74, 75 Windfall Run, limestone at, 76 


Water power and water storage, 138-140 Winslow district, 81, 85 
Water resources, 132 . 
Weber mine, 76 

Wehrum flint clay, 54 

Wells coal bank, 114 


Winslow, coal at, 84 

sandstone at, 19, 68, 84 
Work’s place, limestone burned on, 95 
Woods Run limestone, 56 


White, Eliza, mine, 119 * 

White, I. C., cited, 24 

Wilgus, coal at, 114, 115 Young, C. A., work of, 13 
gas wells near, 65 Young, Joe, coal bank, 89 


THE LBRARY OF THE 
OCT 25 1996 





oe 


on 











UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3 0112 02692255 


on “Tiga 


